Inhibitory effect of gymnemic acid on intestinal absorption of oleic acid in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1017-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
L F Wang ◽  
H Luo ◽  
M Miyoshi ◽  
T Imoto ◽  
Y Hiji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Gymnema Sylvestre ◽  
Gymnemic Acid ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Dose Dependent

Gymnemic acid, a mixture of triterpene glycosides extracted from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, is known to inhibit the intestinal absorption of glucose in human and rats. This work examined the effect of gymnemic acid on oleic acid absorption by the method of intestinal perfusion in rats. The results showed the following. (i) Gymnemic acid potently inhibited the absorption of oleic acid in intestine. (ii) This inhibition was dose dependent and reversible. (iii) The extent of inhibition and the recovery progress were extremely similar to that of glucose absorption. (iv) Taurocholate did not affect the inhibitory effect of gymnemic acid on oleic acid absorption, but lowering its concentration facilitated the recovery from the inhibition. (v) The absorption of oleic acid was not affected by other glycosides such as phloridzin, stevioside, and glycyrrhizin. These new findings are important for understanding the roles of gymnemic acid in therapy of diabetes mellitus and obesity.Key words: gymnemic acid, oleic acid, glucose, intestinal absorption, rat.

Regulation of jejunal blood flow and oxygenation during glucose and oleic acid absorption

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (6) ◽  
pp. G691-G701 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Chou ◽  
R. A. Nyhof ◽  
P. R. Kvietys ◽  
S. P. Sit ◽  
R. H. Gallavan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Resistance Vessels ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Area Product ◽  
Oxygen Difference

To differentiate the mechanisms whereby actively absorbed glucose and passively absorbed oleic acid increase blood flow and oxygen uptake during their absorption, the effects of these two nutrients on jejunal blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen difference [(a-v)O2], O2 uptake, absorption, rubidium extraction, and capillary permeability-surface area product (PS) were compared in anesthetized dogs. Oleic acid (37 mM) produced significantly greater hyperemia (+28.2%) than glucose (270 mM) did (+12.5%). As estimated by (a-v)O2, tissue oxygen extraction was decreased by oleic acid (-12%) but increased by glucose (+6.5%); the increases in O2 uptake by these two nutrients did not differ significantly. Glucose absorption was accompanied by an increase in rubidium extraction and capillary PS (+11.3%), whereas oleic acid absorption was not. Unlike glucose, intra-arterial infusion of oleic acid decreased vascular resistance and increased blood flow equally to the mucosa and muscularis layers. A significant relation existed between oleic acid absorption and blood flow but not between glucose absorption and blood flow. The enhancement of glucose-induced hyperemia by bile was not related to glucose absorption. Unmasking of oleic acid-induced hyperemia by bile is unrelated to oleic acid absorption but is related to solubility of oleic acid in aqueous solution. The above findings suggest that glucose absorption affects both resistance and exchange vessels, whereas oleic acid absorption affects primarily resistance vessels.

Adaptation of intestinal glucose transport in rats with diabetes mellitus occurs independent of hyperphagia

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1143-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Fedorak ◽  
Alan B. R. Thomson ◽  
Valerie M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Ad Libitum

Chronic diabetes enhances intestinal absorption of glucose and induces hyperphagia. We examined the enhanced intestinal absorption of glucose in ad libitum-fed rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes mellitus and compared these results with those obtained from pair-fed diabetic animals. Maximal transport capacity (Vmax) and carrier affinity (K0.5) were determined by measuring jejunal and ileal short circuit current (Isc) responses to varying concentrations of 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose and D-glucose. Pair-fed diabetic animals maintained the same body weight as animals fed ad libitum, although ad libitum-fed diabetic rats had an increased oral chow intake. Age-matched control rats maintained a constant jejunal and ileal Vmax and K0.5 throughout the study. Diabetic rats fed ad libitum demonstrated an enhanced Vmax and K0.5 in both jejunum and ileum. Pair feeding diabetic animals further enhanced jejunal Vmax while lowering jejunal K0.5 levels. In contrast, pair feeding diabetic animals delayed and blunted changes in ileal Vmax and prevented changes in ileal K0.5. In conclusion, signals other than those of hyperphagia regulate kinetic changes in glucose absorption during diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, these changes have differing effects on jejunum and ileum.Key words: 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, absorption, streptozocin, pair feeding, ad libitum, hyperphagia, diabetes.

Sodium hyperosmolarity of intestinal lymph causes arteriolar vasodilation in part mediated by EDRF

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. H323-H328 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Steenbergen ◽  
H. G. Bohlen
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Second Order ◽  
First Order ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Intestinal Lymph ◽  
Relaxing Factor ◽  
Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor ◽  
Arteriolar Vasodilation ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study evaluated 1) the effect of increased submucosal lymph osmolarity on the regulation of first-order (1A) and second-order (2A) intestinal arterioles and 2) the role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in hypertonic-induced vasodilation. Increasing the submucosal lymph osmolarity from 280 to 400 mosM, in increments of 30 mosM, resulted in a dose-dependent dilation of 1A and 2A. A submucosal lymph tonicity of 340 mosM, as occurs during glucose and oleic acid absorption, caused dilation of 1A (118%) and 2A (124%) equivalent to that during absorptive hyperemia. The dilation caused by 400 mosM mannitol (137%) was similar to that with 340 mosM NaCl (131%) and approximately 70% of that with 400 mosM NaCl (152%). After EDRF blockade, the responses to sodium hypertonicity decreased by about one-half; blockade reduced mannitol-induced dilation by 22%. These results indicate that sodium hypertonicity, as occurs during absorption, can play a major role in absorptive hyperemia, and about one-half of the dilation is related to a sodium-coupled release of EDRF.

Bioassay-Guided Separation of an α-Amylase Inhibitor Anthocyanin from Vaccinium arctostaphylos Berries

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahman Nickavar ◽  
Gholamreza Amin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Amylase Inhibitor ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Dose Dependent

Vaccinium arctostaphylos is a traditional medicinal plant in Iran used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In our search for antidiabetic compounds from natural sources, we found that the extract obtained from V. arctostaphylos berries showed an inhibitory effect on pancreatic α-amylase in vitro [IC50 = 1.91 (1.89 -1.94) mg/mL]. The activity-guided purification of the extract led to the isolation of malvidin-3-O-β-glucoside as an α-amylase inhibitor. The compound demonstrated a dose-dependent enzyme inihibitory activity [IC50 = 0.329 (0.316 - 0.342) mM].

Intraduodenal Infusion of Lysophosphatidylcholine Restores the Intestinal Absorption of Vitamins a and E in Rats Fed a Low-Zinc Diet

2001 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang K. Noh ◽  
Sung I. Koo
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phospholipase A ◽  
Intraduodenal Infusion ◽  
Acid Absorption ◽  
Pancreatic Phospholipase ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Our previous work has shown that the lymphatic absorptions of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, retinol and α-tocopherol (αTP), are lowered markedly in rats fed a low-zinc (LZ) diet in parallel with lower lymphatic phospholipid outputs. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), when infused enterally, restored the absorptions of fat and retinol, but further lowered the absorption of αTP in rats fed the LZ diet. This study was conducted to determine whether a luminal infusion of lysophosphatidylcholine, a product of PC hydrolysis by pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2), would simultaneously restore the absorptions of retinol and αTP in LZ rats. Rats were trained to consume two meals per day and were divided into two groups. One group was fed an AIN-93G diet containing a LZ (3.0 mg Zn/kg), and the other was fed the same diet, but containing adequate zinc (AZ; 30.0 mg Zn/kg) for 6 weeks. Rats with lymph cannula were infused at 3.0 ml/hr for 8 hr with a lipid emulsion containing retinol, αTP, and 14C-labeled triolein (14C-oleic acid) with or without 1-oleoyl-2-hydroxy phosphatidyicholine (lysoPC) in 24 ml of PBS (pH 6.5). When the lipid emulsion without lysoPC was infused, the absorptions of retinol and αTP were significantly lower in LZ rats (retinol, 13.2 ± 1.5 nmol; αTP, 430.6 ± 66.8 nmol) than in AZ rats (retinol, 18.2 ± 1.0 nmol; αTP, 543.8 ± 58.9 nmol). The lower absorptions of the vitamins in LZ rats occurred in parallel with a significant decrease in 14C-oleic acid absorption. When the emulsion containing lysoPC was infused, however, absorptions of the vitamins (retinol, 18.4 ± 3.0 nmol; αTP, 777.2 ± 92.1 nmol) in LZ rats were restored completely to the control levels (retinol, 20.4 ± 2.8 nmol; αTP, 756.3 ± 136.1 nmol). The results suggest that the luminal hydrolysis of PC to lysoPC by PLA2 may be impaired in LZ rats, resulting in impaired absorption of fat and the fat-soluble vitamins.

Intestinal Absorption of Iodine131-Labeled Triolein and Oleic Acid in Normal Subjects and in Steatorrhea

1958 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervin Kaplan ◽  
Bernard D. Edidin ◽  
Robert C. Fruin ◽  
Lyle A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Normal Subjects

Novel Approaches for Oral Delivery of Insulin and Current Status of Oral Insulin Products

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinesh V P ◽  
Neelam D P ◽  
Punit B ◽  
Bhavesh S.B ◽  
Pragna K. S
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Dose Dependent

Diabetes mellitus is a serious pathologic condition that is responsible for major healthcare problems worldwide and costing billions of dollars annually. Insulin replacement therapy has been used in the clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than 84 years. The present mode of insulin administration is by the subcutaneous route through which insulin is presented to the body in a non-physiological manner having many challenges. Hence novel approaches for insulin delivery are being explored. Challenges to oral route of insulin administration are: rapid enzymatic degradation in the stomach, inactivation and digestion by proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen and poor permeability across intestinal epithelium because of its high molecular weight and lack of lipophilicity. Liposomes, microemulsions, nanocubicles, and so forth have been prepared for the oral delivery of insulin. Chitosan-coated microparticles protected insulin from the gastric environment of the body and released intestinal pH. Limitations to the delivery of insulin have not resulted in fruitful results to date and there is still a need to prepare newer delivery systems, which can produce dose-dependent and reproducible effects, in addition to increased bioavailability.

Berberine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Baska ◽  
Kamil Leis ◽  
Przemysław Gałązka
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Macrophages Polarization ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4

: Berberine is an alkaloid found in plants. It has e.g. neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity. The research proves that it also strongly impacts the carbohydrate metabolism. The compound also protects pancreatic βcells and increases sensitivity to insulin in peripheral tissues via the induction of GLUT-1, GLUT-4 and insulin type 1 (Ins1) receptors activity. It also stimulates glycolysis and leads to a decrease in insulin resistance by macrophages polarization, lipolytic processes induction and energy expenditure enhancement (by reducing body mass and limiting insulin resistance caused by obesity). In liver berberine inhibits FOX01, SREBP1 and ChREBP pathways, and HNF-4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) mRNA that hinder gluconeogenesis processes. In intestines it blocks α-glucosidase contributing to glucose absorption decrease. Its interference in intestinal flora reduces levels of monosaccharides and suppresses diabetes mellitus complications development.

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