Low concentrations of hydrogen sulphide alter monoamine levels in the developing rat central nervous system

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Skrajny ◽  
R. S. Hannah ◽  
S. H. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Developing Rat

The central nervous system is one of the primary target organs for hydrogen sulphide (H2S) toxicity; however, there are limited data on the neurotoxic effects of low-dose chronic exposure on the developing nervous system. Levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the developing rat cerebellum and frontal cortex were determined following chronic exposure to 20 and 75 ppm H2S during perinatal development. Both monoamines were altered in rats exposed to 75 ppm H2S compared with controls; serotonin levels were significantly increased at days 14 and 21 postnatal in both brain regions, and norepinephrine levels were significantly increased at days 7, 14, and 21 postnatal in cerebellum and at day 21 in the frontal cortex. Exposure to 20 ppm H2S significantly increased the levels of serotonin in the frontal cortex at day 21, whereas levels of norepinephrine were significantly reduced in the frontal cortex at days 14 and 21, and at day 14 in the cerebellum.Key words: hydrogen sulphide, monoamines, serotonin, norepinephrine, neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Neuropathological Findings in a Case of IFIH1-Related Aicardi–Goutières Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-570
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gilani ◽  
Laura A Adang ◽  
Adeline Vanderver ◽  
Abigail Collins ◽  
BK Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Expression Data ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gross Examination

Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a rare syndrome characterized by calcification, diffuse demyelination, and variable degree of brain atrophy. The syndrome is genetically heterogeneous with mutations in 7 genes, including TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR1, and IFIH1 (interferon-induced helicase c domain-containing protein 1) associated with the syndrome, so far. These mutations lead to the overproduction of α-interferon within the central nervous system. Mutations in IFIH1 have been recently described in a subset of AGS, with only 1 previous report of neuropathological findings. We report neuropathological findings in a second case of AGS with a known mutation in IFIH1 gene. The patient is a 16-year-old adolescent boy with early-onset symptoms that progressed to profound loss of cognitive and motor functions. The patient experienced sudden cardiopulmonary arrest at the age of 16 years. At autopsy, the cause of death was determined to be pulmonary thromboembolism. Neuropathological examination revealed microcephaly (brain weight: 916 g) with relatively mild brain atrophy on gross examination. Microscopic examination revealed multifocal calcifications limited to small to medium central nervous system arteries (no evidence of calcification in other organs), involving bilateral cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. Ultrastructural examination showed Calcospherules limited to the vessel walls and the perivasulcar area without evidence of neuronal ferrugination or tubuloreticular bodies. The extent of calcifications was variable across different brain regions, resembling findings in previously reported cases and correlated with the extent of IFIH1 protein expression (data derived from Allen Brain Institute). AGS is a rare cause of brain calcifications that can closely mimic congenital and neonatal infections such as Rubella and similar infections.

scholarly journals 5-Azacytidine-induced Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System of Developing Rat Fetuses

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-ping Lu ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakayama ◽  
Junko Shinozuka ◽  
Koji Uetsuka ◽  
Ryuichi Taki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rat Fetuses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Developing Rat

scholarly journals Alendronate lowers cholesterol synthesis in the central nervous system of rats – a preliminary study

2009 ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľ Cibičková ◽  
R Hyšpler ◽  
N Cibiček ◽  
E Čermáková ◽  
V Palička
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Deuterated Water ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates were found to inhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase - an essential enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, but their effect on cholesterol synthesis per se in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine possible influence of a representative agent alendronate on cholesterol synthesis rates in selected parts of rat CNS and on plasma cholesterol level. Two groups of rats were orally administered either alendronate (3 mg/kg b.w.) or vehicle for 9 days. At the end of experiment, brain (basal ganglia, frontal cortex and hippocampus) and spinal cord were isolated and cholesterol synthesis was determined using the technique of deuterium incorporation from deuterated water. In the alendronate group significant reductions of cholesterol synthesis rates were detected in frontal cortex, hippocampus and spinal cord (p<0.001). However, the experimental treatment did not produce a significant alteration in the levels of plasma cholesterol. In conclusion, this study brings the first experimental evidence of the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis with alendronate in central nervous system.

Neurobiology of injury (compression, traction, laceration) and repair, and grading of injuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
Andrew Hart
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Nerve Reconstruction ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The functioning nervous system is an integrated system including conscious and subconscious pathways in the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nerves, and specialized target organs. Efferent and afferent feedback pathways integrate at multiple levels, and there is interplay with mood, life function, growth, and development. The peripheral nervous system provides homeostatic and pain functions, and links the virtual world of our consciousness to the physical body that senses and manipulates the world around us. Injury disconnects the central nervous system from physical reality and induces profound, time-dependent changes at all levels of the system that mostly impede functional restitution after nerve reconstruction. For surgery to optimize outcomes it must be timely, and applied with precision, neurobiological awareness, and aided by adjuvant therapies or technologies that modulate responses within the central nervous system, primary motor and sensory neurons, repair site, distal nerve stump, and target organs.

scholarly journals Effects of ACTH, dexamethasone, and adrenalectomy on 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene expression in the rat central nervous system

2007 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ye ◽  
Christopher J Kenyon ◽  
Scott M MacKenzie ◽  
Katherine Nichol ◽  
Jonathan R Seckl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Aldosterone Synthase ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

Using a highly sensitive quantitative RT-PCR method for the measurement of CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) mRNAs, we previously demonstrated that CYP11B2 expression in the central nervous system (CNS) is subject to regulation by dietary sodium. We have now quantified the expression of these genes in the CNS of male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats in response to systemic ACTH infusion, dexamethasone infusion, and to adrenalectomy. CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA levels were measured in total RNA isolated from the adrenal gland and discrete brain regions using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. ACTH infusion (40 ng/day for 7 days, N=8) significantly increased CYP11B1 mRNA in the adrenal gland, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex compared with animals infused with vehicle only. ACTH infusion decreased adrenal CYP11B2 expression but increased expression in all of the CNS regions except the cortex. Dexamethasone (10 μg/day for 7 days, N=8) reduced adrenal CYP11B1 mRNA compared with control animals but had no significant effect on either gene's expression in the CNS. Adrenalectomy (N=6 per group) significantly increased CYP11B1 expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus and raised CYP11B2 expression in the cerebellum relative to sham-operated animals. This study confirms the transcription of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 throughout the CNS and demonstrates that gene transcription is subject to differential regulation by ACTH and circulating corticosteroid levels.

scholarly journals Disorders of Neuronal Migration

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Migration ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Important Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Environmental Causes

Abstract:Neuronal migration constitutes one of the major processes by which the central nervous system takes shape. Detailed knowledge about this important process now exists for different brain regions in rodent and monkey models as well as in the human. In the human, distinct genetic, chromosomal and environmental causes are known that affect neuronal migration, often in a morphologically distinct pattern, but the underlying pathological mechanisms are largely unknown. This review is intended to integrate our basic knowledge of the field with the accumulated intelligence on a large number of disorders and syndromes that represent the human part of the story.

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