Temperature-Induced Changes in Metabolism and Body Weight of Cattle (Bos taurus)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Induced Changes

The metabolic and body weight changes in two non-pregnant beef cows were studied during prolonged exposure to warm (20 ± 3 °C, relative humidity 50–70%) and cold (−10 ± 2 or −25 ± 4 °C) temperatures. Other factors including daily food intake were held constant throughout each 8-week exposure. During cold exposures, metabolic rate, blood hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acid were elevated and respiratory frequencies and skin temperatures decreased. Resting metabolic rates measured at 20 °C, i.e., without the direct influence of cold, were 83.4–95.3 litres O2 per hour when the cows were cold acclimated, at either −10 or −25 °C, and 30–40% greater than when the cows were warm acclimated. The resting metabolic response and the concomitant reduction in intensity of shivering is indicative of metabolic acclimation to cold in these animals of greater than 500 kg body weight.As well as the expected changes in body weight with changes in energy metabolism there were losses in weight (13–24 kg) during the first 3 days of each cold exposure. Weight gains occurred when the cold stress was abruptly removed. These short term weight changes were associated with changes in water intake and apparent shifts in body fluid content.

THE EFFECTS OF THE STRESS OF WEANING AND TRANSIT ON PERFORMANCE AND METABOLIC PROFILE OF BEEF CALVES OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. PHILLIPS ◽  
P. E. JUNIEWICZ ◽  
M. T. ZAVY ◽  
D. L. VON TUNGELN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Response To Stress

Feeder calves of Bos indicus or Bos taurus breeding, reared under the same management and environmental conditions, were subjected to the stressors of weaning, assembly and transport to determine if genotype of the calf had a significant impact on stress responsive parameters. These responses were measured by monitoring changes in body weight, poststress dry matter intake and selected metabolic factors. Calves lost 11 kg or 8.1% of their weaning body weight during assembly and transit. Genotype was not related to weight changes during assembly and transit; however, Hereford × Brahman calves gained less (P < 0.05) weight during the 28-d post-transit period than Angus × Brahman or Angus × Hereford calves. Serum glucose, urea nitrogen, total protein, potassium and sodium concentrations were altered (P < 0.05) by weaning or transport and were generally higher (P < 0.05) in the half Brahman calves than the Angus × Hereford calves. Within the context and conditions of this experiment, genotype was not related to the metabolic response of the beef calf to the stresses associated with weaning and transport. However, genotype was found to influence basal nonstressed metabolic values indicating that poststress metabolic measurements alone may be misleading as an indication of the physiological response to stress. Key words: Cattle, stress, genotype, glucose, protein, urea

scholarly journals Possible Mechanism by Which the Carbapenem Antibiotic Panipenem Decreases the Concentration of Valproic Acid in Plasma in Rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 3136-3140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Kojima ◽  
Masayuki Nadai ◽  
Kiyoyuki Kitaichi ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Toshitaka Nabeshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bile Duct ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Enterohepatic Recirculation ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Initial Space ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Carbapenem Antibiotic

ABSTRACT There is evidence indicating that the carbapenem antibiotic panipenem decreases plasma concentrations of valproic acid (VPA) in epileptic patients during VPA therapy. The mechanism for panipenem-induced changes in the pharmacokinetics of VPA was investigated in rats with and without bile duct cannulation. The effect of panipenem on the pharmacokinetics of diclofenac, which undergoes extensive enterohepatic recirculation, was also examined. VPA (50 mg/kg of body weight) or diclofenac (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intravenously under the steady-state plasma panipenem concentration of 4 μg/ml, which had been achieved by a constant infusion rate. Panipenem decreased the plasma VPA concentrations in rats without bile duct cannulation but did not change the volume of the initial space and protein binding of VPA. However, panipenem had no effect on the plasma VPA concentrations and the biliary excretion of VPA in rats with bile duct cannulation. The secondary increase in plasma diclofenac concentration observed in the absence of panipenem was diminished in the presence of panipenem. These findings suggest that panipenem decreases plasma VPA concentrations by suppressing its enterohepatic recirculation, probably due to a panipenem-induced decrease in the numbers of enteric bacteria.

Water Balance of the Camel

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
T. R. Houpt ◽  
S. A. Jarnum
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
High Degree

Camels ( Camelus dromedarius) were exposed to prolonged periods of water deprivation during winter, spring and summer in the Sahara desert. Determinations were made of: weight changes, water and food intake, urine flow and concentrations, plasma concentrations, etc. It was found that the camel can tolerate a loss of water corresponding to 30% of its body weight even when exposed to the severe desert heat. Other mammals dehydrated in a hot environment may die from circulatory failure already when the water loss involves 12% of the body weight. Unlike many other mammals the camel does not lose its appetite when deprived of water but continues to eat normally until the desiccation becomes very severe. It has a low urine output (0.5–1 l/day when kept on a diet of dates and hay), a low water content in the feces, and, when dehydrated in the summer, a very low evaporative water loss. When offered water the camel drinks in 10 minutes enough water for complete rehydration. The longest period that we kept a camel on dry food without drinking water in the hot summer was 17 days. This camel was not working and it had its protective fur which decreased the heat gain from the environment. It is concluded that the ability of the camel to withstand prolonged dehydration is due to: a) tolerance to an extremely high degree of desiccation of the body and b) low overall water expenditure. Particularly effective as a water conserving mechanism is the low evaporative water loss during dehydration in the summer.

scholarly journals 29 The effect of fleshing ability on cow and calf performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Amanda Holder ◽  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
David Lalman ◽  
Claire Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Condition Score

Abstract Several factors influence the overall maintenance requirements of a mature beef cow including age, gain, lactation, pregnancy, and fleshing ability. However, limited research is available to distinguish what sets a hard-fleshing cow apart from an easy-fleshing cow. Cows that are hard-fleshing maintain a lower body condition score (BCS) throughout the year compared to easy-fleshing counterparts. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the differences in characteristics and production between cows classified as easy- vs. hard- fleshing. Characteristics of interest include feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, body weight changes, BCS changes, and other body composition measurements, as well as calf weaning weight. In this study, 24 spring-calving, mature Angus beef cows were classified as either hard-fleshing or easy-fleshing based on BCS and ultrasound measurements for back fat and rump fat. The intake study took place during the second trimester, cows were assigned to an easy- or hard-fleshing pen based on treatment where they remained for the entirety of the 45-day intake study. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Milk data collection began one month after calving with monthly milkings from May-August. There were no differences (P = 0.9) in DMI, although hard-fleshing cows had greater DMI calculated on a metabolic body weight basis (P = 0.05). There was a trend (P = 0.12) for hard-fleshing cows to wean heavier calves, although there was no difference in mean milk yield (P = 0.44). Body condition score was positively correlated with protein and carbohydrate content of milk with easy-fleshing cows having greater contents of both (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). Overall, an increase in BCS without an increase in DMI may be beneficial from a reproductive standpoint, though more research in this area is needed.

The composition of body-weight changes in underfed lactating beef cows

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Unit Body Weight

ABSTRACTThe effects of reducing the feed intake of 12 winter-calving (Hereford male × British Friesian female) cows to the maintenance level for 6 weeks from week 10 of lactation were investigated during two consecutive lactation periods. Initially, six cows were in their first and six in their third lactation. In each year the period of ‘underfeeding’ was preceded by a period of ‘adequate feeding’ (maintenance plus milk production requirements) and succeeded by a period of ‘refeeding’ (2 × maintenance). Changes in body water, estimated by the dilution of tritiated water and deuterium oxide at the end of each feeding period, were used to calculate changes in body tissue. Milk yield during the period of ‘adequate feeding’ indicated that individual cows differed markedly in milk production potential. During ‘underfeeding’ milk yield was related to lactation potential. Cows of higher potential tended to maintain higher yields than those of lower potential but in doing so they incurred higher body-weight losses. The ‘refeeding’ period did not result in significant increases in milk yield. The weight losses during ‘underfeeding’ consisted mainly of fat but some cows apparently mobilized relatively large amounts of protein. More fat per unit body weight loss was mobilized by the heifers than by the cows, which, on the other hand appeared to mobilize relatively more protein. On ‘refeeding’, only a few cows were able to achieve complete tissue repletion.

Body Weight Changes of Mature Beef Cows

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Schake ◽  
J. K. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes

scholarly journals 178 The Effect of Fleshing Ability on Cow and Calf Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 62-62
Author(s):  
Amanda Holder ◽  
Aksel Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
David Lalman ◽  
Claire Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Beef Cow ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Condition Score

Abstract Several factors influence the overall maintenance requirements of a mature beef cow including age, gain, lactation, pregnancy, and fleshing ability. However, limited research is available to distinguish what sets a hard-fleshing cow apart from an easy-fleshing cow. Cows that are hard-fleshing maintain a lower body condition score (BCS) throughout the year compared to easy-fleshing counterparts. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the differences in characteristics and production between cows classified as easy- vs. hard- fleshing. Characteristics of interest include feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, body weight changes, BCS changes, and other body composition measurements, as well as calf weaning weight. In this study, 24 spring-calving, mature Angus beef cows were classified as either hard-fleshing or easy-fleshing based on BCS and ultrasound measurements for back fat and rump fat. The intake study took place during the second trimester, cows were assigned to an easy- or hard-fleshing pen based on treatment where they remained for the entirety of the 45-day intake study. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Milk data collection began one month after calving with monthly milkings from May—August. There were no differences (P = 0.9) in DMI, although hard-fleshing cows had greater DMI calculated on a metabolic body weight basis (P = 0.05). There was a trend (P = 0.12) for hard-fleshing cows to wean heavier calves, although there was no difference in mean milk yield (P = 0.44). Body condition score was positively correlated with protein and carbohydrate content of milk with easy-fleshing cows having greater contents of both (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). Overall, an increase in BCS without an increase in DMI may be beneficial from a reproductive standpoint, though more research in this area is needed.

scholarly journals The metabolic response of young women to changes in the frequency of meals

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yola E. Swindells ◽  
Susan A. Holmes ◽  
Marion F. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Metabolic Unit

1. Six healthy young women residing in a metabolic unit, but continuing their normal activities, received a uniform diet for 27 days, subdivided into four periods of 6 days and a final collection period of 3 days.2. The daily food was divided into equal-sized portions; the subjects ate their daily quota as three meals a day in periods 1, 3, and 5 (control), two meals in period 2 (gorging), and nine meals in period 4 (nibbling).3. The metabolic response of each subject was investigated by measurements of energy expenditure, and by analysis of the food, the urine and the faeces.4.The subjects showed distinct differences in response, but for most subjects the changes in body-weight and in the metabolism of nitrogen and fat appeared unrelated to the frequency of the meals.

EFFECTS OF DATE OF WEANING ON SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE OF BEEF COWS AND THEIR FEMALE CALVES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1035-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MAKARECHIAN ◽  
H.-M. KUBISCH ◽  
M. A. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Key Words Weaning ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

1233 April/May born calves were weaned either on 30 Sept. (EW) or 31 Oct. (LW) to assess the effects of weaning date on subsequent performance of their dams and female calves. Cows in the EW group lost less weight than those in the LW group in the month of October (0.003 vs. 0.48 kg d−1, P < 0.05). Dam's breed group, year and the interaction between year and age of dam also had significant effects on weight change during October. Cows generally lost weight between weaning and the next calving and the two weaning groups were similar in body weight at calving and reproductive performance. The reproductive performance of the EW and LW female calves were also quite similar. It can be concluded that weaning April/May born calves in September rather than October would not influence the subsequent production of the dams or their female calves, but would probably reduce their maintenance requirements as they enter the cold season in better condition. Key words: Weaning date, beef cows, reproduction, weight changes

Methylnaltrexone reduced body weight gain in ob/ob mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Su Yuan, MD, PhD ◽  
Chong-Zhi Wang, PhD ◽  
Anoja Attele, MD ◽  
Liu Zhang, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Daily Food

Objective: Opioids may function to regulate food intake and body weight, an activity that could be predominantly centrally mediated. In this study, the authors evaluated the effects of a peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist, methylnaltrexone, on weight changes in adult obese ob/ob mice.Results: After a 12-day treatment with naloxone 0.3 mg/kg, weight was reduced from 63.7 ± 1.1 g in the control group to 59.2 ± 0.9 g in the naloxone group (p < 0.05). After a 12-day treatment with methylnaltrexone 3.0 mg/kg, weight increase completely ceased. The body weight was 63.9 ± 1.0 g in the control group when compared with 55.9 ± 1.2 g in the drug group (p < 0.01). The effect of methylnaltrexone (1.0 mg to 3.0 mg/kg) on weight changes was dose-dependent (p < 0.01). Methylnaltrexone significantly reduced daily food intake (p < 0.05), but did not affect body temperature and energy expenditure. Using HPLC analysis, no detectable naltrexone levels were found in association with methylnaltrexone administration. Whether the observed methylnaltrexone effects are primarily related to the antagonism of endorphinergic system remains to be investigated.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the peripheral opioid mechanism contributes to modulating food ingestion and methylnaltrexone may have clinical importance in obesity management.

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