scholarly journals The metabolic response of young women to changes in the frequency of meals

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yola E. Swindells ◽  
Susan A. Holmes ◽  
Marion F. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Metabolic Unit

1. Six healthy young women residing in a metabolic unit, but continuing their normal activities, received a uniform diet for 27 days, subdivided into four periods of 6 days and a final collection period of 3 days.2. The daily food was divided into equal-sized portions; the subjects ate their daily quota as three meals a day in periods 1, 3, and 5 (control), two meals in period 2 (gorging), and nine meals in period 4 (nibbling).3. The metabolic response of each subject was investigated by measurements of energy expenditure, and by analysis of the food, the urine and the faeces.4.The subjects showed distinct differences in response, but for most subjects the changes in body-weight and in the metabolism of nitrogen and fat appeared unrelated to the frequency of the meals.

Metabolic response to feeding in weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and its modulation by a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement

2000 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. BARBER ◽  
Donald C. MCMILLAN ◽  
Tom PRESTON ◽  
James A. ROSS ◽  
Kenneth C. H. FEARON
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Healthy Control

Weight-losing patients with advanced cancer often fail to gain weight with conventional nutritional support. This suboptimal response might be explained, in part, by an increased metabolic response to feeding. It has been suggested that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can modify beneficially the metabolic response to cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine the metabolic response to feeding in cancer and the effects of an EPA-enriched oral food supplement on this response. A total of 16 weight-losing, non-diabetic patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma and six healthy, weight-stable controls were studied by indirect calorimetry in the fasting and fed states. Body composition was estimated by bioimpedence analysis. Cancer patients were then given a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement providing 2 g of EPA and 2550 kJ daily, and underwent repeat metabolic study after 3 weeks of such supplementation. At baseline, resting energy expenditure whether expressed per kg body weight, lean body mass or body cell mass was significantly greater in the cancer patients compared with controls. Fat oxidation was significantly higher in the fasting state in cancer patients [median 1.26 g·kg-1·min-1 (interquartile range 0.95–1.38)] than in controls [0.76 g·kg-1·min-1 (0.62–0.92); P < 0.05]. Over the 4 h feeding period, changes in insulin and glucose concentrations in cancer patients suggested relative glucose intolerance. In response to oral meal feeding, the percentage change in the area under the curve of energy expenditure was significantly lower in the cancer patients [median 7.9% (interquartile range 3.4–9.0)] than in controls [12.6% (9.9–15.1); P < 0.01]. After 3 weeks of the EPA-enriched supplement, the body weight of the cancer patients had increased and the energy expenditure in response to feeding had risen significantly [9.6% (6.3–12.4)], such that it was no different from baseline healthy control values. Similarly, fasting fat oxidation fell to 1.02 g·kg-1·min-1 (0.8–1.18), again no longer significantly different from baseline healthy control values. While weight-losing patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have an increased resting energy expenditure and increased fat oxidation, the energy cost of feeding is, in fact, reduced. Provision of a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement results in some normalization of the metabolic response in both the fasted and fed states, in association with an improvement in nutritional status.

Temperature-Induced Changes in Metabolism and Body Weight of Cattle (Bos taurus)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Induced Changes

The metabolic and body weight changes in two non-pregnant beef cows were studied during prolonged exposure to warm (20 ± 3 °C, relative humidity 50–70%) and cold (−10 ± 2 or −25 ± 4 °C) temperatures. Other factors including daily food intake were held constant throughout each 8-week exposure. During cold exposures, metabolic rate, blood hematocrit, and plasma concentrations of glucose and free fatty acid were elevated and respiratory frequencies and skin temperatures decreased. Resting metabolic rates measured at 20 °C, i.e., without the direct influence of cold, were 83.4–95.3 litres O2 per hour when the cows were cold acclimated, at either −10 or −25 °C, and 30–40% greater than when the cows were warm acclimated. The resting metabolic response and the concomitant reduction in intensity of shivering is indicative of metabolic acclimation to cold in these animals of greater than 500 kg body weight.As well as the expected changes in body weight with changes in energy metabolism there were losses in weight (13–24 kg) during the first 3 days of each cold exposure. Weight gains occurred when the cold stress was abruptly removed. These short term weight changes were associated with changes in water intake and apparent shifts in body fluid content.

Efficacy and safety of drospirenone-containing microdosage combined oral contraceptive use with starting contraception

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
A R Khachaturian ◽  
E V Misharina ◽  
M I Yarmolinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
The Body ◽  
Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptive

Androgen-dependent dermopathy, as well as premenstrual syndrome of varying severity in young women, can cause emotional depression, difficulties in social adaptation and even depressive disorders. The aim of the study was to study the safety and efficacy of using a combined oral contraceptive (COC) Dimia® containing 20 μg ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone in young women, as well as its therapeutic effects in androgen-dependent dermopathy. Materials and methods. The study included 57 young women aged 23.1±2.2 years with signs of androgen-dependent dermopathy. The evaluation of the change in the character of menstrual bleeding, the anthropometric parameters (body weight, waist circumference and hips), the therapeutic effect of the drug on the symptoms of androgen-dependent dermopathy, as well as the dynamics of arterial pressure, hemoglobin level, serum iron have been studied. The psycho-emotional state was assessed using the SAN questionnaire (well-being-activity-mood). Results. During 6 months of observation, there was no significant change in the body mass index, waist circumference, and hips, and the drug did not affect the blood pressure numbers. Against the background of taking the drug, there was an increase in the parameters of iron metabolism (hemoglobin content, serum iron). After 3 months of taking the contraceptive with drospirenone, the number of patients with a complaint about the abundance of menstruation decreased more than twofold (from 22.8 to 10.5%), and after 6 months of taking the drug no patient noted the profuse nature of menstruation. Before the start of taking COC with drospirenone, 57.9% of women reported painful menstrual bleeding. Against the background of taking the contraceptive within 3 months, this complaint was stopped in all patients. Sufficient efficacy of treatment of androgen dependent dermopathy in young women with the help of a microdosed drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptive is estimated from the dermatological acne index. The analysis of the SAN questionnaire made it possible to reveal the improvement in the psychoemotional state of patients on the background of taking the drug. The conclusion. The results obtained proved the effectiveness and safety of the microclinized COC Dimia®. The drug has no significant effect on body weight, blood pressure, provides reliable control of the cycle and a decrease in menstrual bleeding, which results in stabilization of iron metabolism in the body. Dimia® is effective in the treatment of androgen-dependent dermopathy and can be recommended to young women for starting contraception.

scholarly journals Effect of raw and encapsulated policosanol on lipid profiles, blood biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism of adult cats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110137
Author(s):  
James R Templeman ◽  
Kylie Hogan ◽  
Alexandra Blanchard ◽  
Christopher PF Marinangeli ◽  
Alexandra Camara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Activity Energy

Objectives The objective of this study was to verify the safety of policosanol supplementation for domestic cats. The effects of raw and encapsulated policosanol were compared with positive (L-carnitine) and negative (no supplementation) controls on outcomes of complete blood count, serum biochemistry, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and physical activity in healthy young adult cats. Methods The study was a replicated 4 × 4 complete Latin square design. Eight cats (four castrated males, four spayed females; mean age 3.0 ± 1.0 years; mean weight 4.36 ± 1.08 kg; mean body condition score 5.4 ± 1.4) were blocked by sex and body weight then randomized to treatment groups: raw policosanol (10 mg/kg body weight), encapsulated policosanol (50 mg/kg body weight), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg body weight) or no supplementation. Treatments were supplemented to a basal diet for 28 days with a 1-week washout between periods. Food was distributed equally between two offerings to ensure complete supplement consumption (first offering) and measure consumption time (second offering). Blood collection (lipid profile, complete blood count, serum biochemistry) and indirect calorimetry (energy expenditure, respiratory quotient) were conducted at days 0, 14 and 28 of each period. Activity monitors were worn 7 days prior to indirect calorimetry and blood collection. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model (SAS, v.9.4). Results Food intake and body weight were similar among treatments. There was no effect of treatment on lipid profile, serum biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure or respiratory quotient ( P >0.05); however, time to consume a second meal was greatest in cats fed raw policosanol ( P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance These data suggest that policosanol is safe for feline consumption. Further studies with cats demonstrating cardiometabolic risk factors are warranted to confirm whether policosanol therapy is an efficacious treatment for hyperlipidemia and obesity.

scholarly journals Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. R1425-R1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan van Dijk ◽  
Randy J. Seeley ◽  
Todd E. Thiele ◽  
Mark I. Friedman ◽  
Hong Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Fatty Acids ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate whether brain leptin involves neuropeptidergic pathways influencing ingestion, metabolism, and gastrointestinal functioning, leptin (3.5 μg) was infused daily into the third cerebral ventricular of rats for 3 days. To distinguish between direct leptin effects and those secondary to leptin-induced anorexia, we studied vehicle-infused rats with food available ad libitum and those that were pair-fed to leptin-treated animals. Although body weight was comparably reduced (−8%) and plasma glycerol was comparably increased (142 and 17%, respectively) in leptin-treated and pair-fed animals relative to controls, increases in plasma fatty acids and ketones were only detected (132 and 234%, respectively) in pair-fed rats. Resting energy expenditure (−15%) and gastrointestinal fill (−50%) were reduced by pair-feeding relative to the ad libitum group, but they were not reduced by leptin treatment. Relative to controls, leptin increased hypothalamic mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 61%) and for proopiomelanocortin (POMC; 31%) but did not reduce mRNA for neuropeptide Y. These results suggest that CNS leptin prevents metabolic/gastrointestinal responses to caloric restriction by activating hypothalamic CRH- and POMC-containing pathways and raise the possibility that these peripheral responses to CNS leptin administration contribute to leptin’s anorexigenic action.

Effect of adrenaline infusion on fatty acid and glucose turnover in lean and obese human subjects in the post-absorptive and fed states

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Connacher ◽  
William M. Bennet ◽  
Roland T. Jung ◽  
Dennis M. Bier ◽  
Christopher C. T. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Adrenaline Infusion ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Obese Human

1. Energy expenditure, plasma glucose and palmitate kinetics and leg glycerol release were determined simultaneously both before and during adrenaline infusion in lean and obese human subjects. Seven lean subjects (mean 96.5% of ideal body weight) were studied in the post-absorptive state and also during mixed nutrient liquid feeding, eight obese subjects (mean 165% of ideal body weight) were studied in the post-absorptive state and six obese subjects (mean 174% of ideal body weight) were studied during feeding. 2. Resting energy expenditure was higher in the obese subjects, but the thermic response to adrenaline, both in absolute and percentage terms, was similar in lean and obese subjects. Plasma adrenaline concentrations attained (3 nmol/l) were comparable in all groups and the infusion had no differential effects on the plasma insulin concentration. Before adrenaline infusion the plasma glucose flux was higher in the obese than in the lean subjects in the fed state only (45.8 ± 3.8 versus 36.6 ± 1.0 mmol/h, P <0.05); it increased to the same extent in both groups with the adrenaline infusion. 3. Before the adrenaline infusion plasma palmitate flux was higher in the obese than in the lean subjects (by 51%, P <0.01, in the post-absorptive state and by 78%, P <0.05, in the fed state). However, there was no significant change during adrenaline infusion in the obese subjects (from 13.5 ± 1.00 to 15.0 ± 1.84 mmol/h, not significant, in the post-absorptive state and from 14.4 ± 2.13 to 15.7 ± 1.74 mmol/h, not significant, in the fed state), whereas there were increases in the lean subjects (from 8.93 ± 1.10 to 11.2 ± 1.19 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the post-absorptive state, and from 8.06 ± 1.19 to 9.86 ± 0.93 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the fed state). 4. Before adrenaline infusion the palmitate oxidation rate was also higher in the obese than in the lean subjects (1.86 ± 0.14 versus 1.22 ± .09 mmol/h, P <0.01, in the post-absorptive state and 1,73 ± 0.25 versus 1.12 ± 0.12 mmol/h, P <0.05, in the fed state). However, in response to adrenaline the fractional oxidation rate (% of flux) increased less in the obese than in the lean subjects, especially in the post-absorptive state (from 13.8 ± 1.02 to 14.9 ± 1.39%, not significant, versus from 13.7 ± 0.98 to 19.3 ± 1.92%, P <0.05). These effects were independent of feeding. Leg glycerol release increased more in the lean subjects with adrenaline infusion, although increases in the plasma glycerol concentration did not differ between the groups. 5. These results suggest that in obese subjects plasma inter-organ transport of fatty acids and the subsequent fractional oxidation responses favour storage of triacylglycerol. These factors may be important determinants for the development and maintenance of the obese state.

scholarly journals Severe protein deficiency induces hepatic expression and systemic level of FGF21 but inhibits its hypothalamic expression in growing rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Moro ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
Anne Blais ◽  
Julien Piedcoq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

scholarly journals Front Cover: Nicotinamide Protects Against Diet‐Induced Body Weight Gain, Increases Energy Expenditure, and Induces White Adipose Tissue Beiging

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2170027
Author(s):  
Karen Alejandra Méndez‐Lara ◽  
Elisabeth Rodríguez‐Millán ◽  
David Sebastián ◽  
Rosi Blanco‐Soto ◽  
Mercedes Camacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Front Cover

scholarly journals Inactivation of the adrenergic receptor β2 disrupts glucose homeostasis in mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo W Fernandes ◽  
Cintia B Ueta ◽  
Tatiane L Fonseca ◽  
Cecilia H A Gouveia ◽  
Carmen L Lancellotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Similar Body

Three types of beta adrenergic receptors (ARβ1–3) mediate the sympathetic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), the key thermogenic site for mice which is also present in adult humans. In this study, we evaluated adaptive thermogenesis and metabolic profile of a mouse withArβ2knockout (ARβ2KO). At room temperature, ARβ2KO mice have normal core temperature and, upon acute cold exposure (4 °C for 4 h), ARβ2KO mice accelerate energy expenditure normally and attempt to maintain body temperature. ARβ2KO mice also exhibited normal interscapular BAT thermal profiles during a 30-min infusion of norepinephrine or dobutamine, possibly due to marked elevation of interscapular BAT (iBAT) and ofArβ1, andArβ3mRNA levels. In addition, ARβ2KO mice exhibit similar body weight, adiposity, fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides when compared with WT controls, but exhibit marked fasting hyperinsulinemia and elevation in hepaticPepck(Pck1) mRNA levels. The animals were fed a high-fat diet (40% fat) for 6 weeks, ARβ2KO mice doubled their caloric intake, accelerated energy expenditure, and inducedUcp1expression in a manner similar to WT controls, exhibiting a similar body weight gain and increase in the size of white adipocytes to the WT controls. However, ARβ2KO mice maintain fasting hyperglycemia as compared with WT controls despite very elevated insulin levels, but similar degrees of liver steatosis and hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, inactivation of the ARβ2KO pathway preserves cold- and diet-induced adaptive thermogenesis but disrupts glucose homeostasis possibly by accelerating hepatic glucose production and insulin secretion. Feeding on a high-fat diet worsens the metabolic imbalance, with significant fasting hyperglycemia but similar liver structure and lipid profile to the WT controls.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document