BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: I. PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS, PLASMA CHOLESTEROL, AND ELECTROLYTE LEVELS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Idler ◽  
H. Tsuyuki
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Pure Race ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Percentage Basis

Physical measurements have been made on all major organs and tissues of a pure race of migrating adult Oncorhynchus nerka. The data show that the population was sufficiently uniform in size that average weights and measurements performed on fish taken at three locations on the migration route quite accurately represented a standard fish of both sexes. The results will enable chemical analyses to be interpreted as changes in absolute amounts of a given tissue component rather than only on a percentage basis. The merits of this approach to an evaluation of changes in migrating salmon is demonstrated by the magnitude of the weight changes in many tissues during the 715-mile migration. A standard male lost only 11% of its body flesh whereas a standard female lost 30%. The alimentary tract decreased to one sixth of the initial weight. The milt increased by 51% w hile the roe increased by 272%. Thus, it is apparent that percentage composition data cannot show quantitative changes in a fish as it moves up the river. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of others on Salmonidae.Plasma cholesterol, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, and urea levels were measured on pooled blood samples from the 216 fish.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: I. PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS, PLASMA CHOLESTEROL, AND ELECTROLYTE LEVELS

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Idler ◽  
H. Tsuyuki
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Pure Race ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Percentage Basis

Physical measurements have been made on all major organs and tissues of a pure race of migrating adult Oncorhynchus nerka. The data show that the population was sufficiently uniform in size that average weights and measurements performed on fish taken at three locations on the migration route quite accurately represented a standard fish of both sexes. The results will enable chemical analyses to be interpreted as changes in absolute amounts of a given tissue component rather than only on a percentage basis. The merits of this approach to an evaluation of changes in migrating salmon is demonstrated by the magnitude of the weight changes in many tissues during the 715-mile migration. A standard male lost only 11% of its body flesh whereas a standard female lost 30%. The alimentary tract decreased to one sixth of the initial weight. The milt increased by 51% w hile the roe increased by 272%. Thus, it is apparent that percentage composition data cannot show quantitative changes in a fish as it moves up the river. The results are discussed in relation to the findings of others on Salmonidae.Plasma cholesterol, magnesium, calcium, sulphate, and urea levels were measured on pooled blood samples from the 216 fish.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. W. Duncan ◽  
M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: VI. Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera M. Creelman ◽  
Neil Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The quantity of ribonucleic acid phosphorus (RNA-P) and deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNA-P) in various tissues of the sockeye salmon has been determined at three points in its spawning migration. During migration a net decrease in RNA-P and a net increase in DNA-P occurred in the whole fish of both sexes. Major losses in RNA-P occurred in the flesh, alimentary tract and milt, while major gains in DNA-P occurred in the milt and roe. In the combined head, skin, bones and tail large gains in both RNA-P and DNA-P took place.

Limited behavioural thermoregulation by adult upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Donaldson ◽  
S. J. Cooke ◽  
D. A. Patterson ◽  
S. G. Hinch ◽  
D. Robichaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
And Migration

The objective of this study was to combine radio telemetry with individual thermal loggers to assess the extent to which adult migrating sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) behaviourally thermoregulate during their migration through the Fraser River mainstem, British Columbia. The Fraser mainstem represents a region of the migration route that contains some of the highest mean temperatures encountered by sockeye salmon during their life history. We found that throughout the study area, individual sockeye salmon body temperatures occasionally deviated from ambient temperatures (ΔT), yet individuals maintained a ΔT of –1 °C or cooler for only 5% of their migration through the study region. There were moderate mean deviations of ΔT in two segments that are known to contain thermally stratified waters. In one of the study segments with the greatest ΔT, mean body temperatures decreased as river temperatures increased and ΔT became increasingly positive with higher river discharge rates, but these relationships were not observed in any of the other study segments. No relationship existed between ΔT and migration rate. While periodic associations with cool water were evident, mean body temperatures were not significantly different than mean river temperatures throughout the lower Fraser mainstem. This finding raises further conservation concerns for vulnerable Fraser River sockeye stocks that are predicted to encounter increasing peak summer river temperatures in the coming decades.

Multiple Effects of Ginseng Berry Polysaccharides: Plasma Cholesterol Level Reduction and Enteric Neoplasm Prevention

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (06) ◽  
pp. 1293-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Yi Wan ◽  
Wei-Hua Huang ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Chan Woong Park ◽  
Su Hwan Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Index ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Human Colon Cancer ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Hct 116 ◽  
Ht 29

The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used for centuries in Oriental medicine to improve general well-being and to relieve various medical conditions. It is commonly understood that ginsenosides are responsible for the pharmacological activities of ginseng. Compared to the root of ginseng, studies on the berry are considerably limited. In this study, we evaluated the effects of polysaccharides from Asian ginseng berries on plasma lipid levels, chemically-induced enteric inflammation and neoplasm, and cancer chemoprevention in different experimental models. We tested two polysaccharide preparations: regular ginseng berry polysaccharide extract (GBPE) and ginseng berry polysaccharide portion (GBPP, removed MV [Formula: see text]). We first observed that both oral GBPE and oral GBPP significantly reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels in a dose-related manner in ob/ob mice, without obvious body weight changes. Then, in AOM/DSS-induced acute colitis mice, GBPE and GBPP significantly ameliorated the increased gut disease activity index and inhibited the reduction of the colon length. Further, the berry polysaccharides significantly suppressed chemically-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. This is consistent with the observation that GBPE and GBPP attenuated tumorigenesis in mice by significantly and dose-dependently reducing tumor load. Finally, in vitro HCT-116 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells were used. While these berry preparations had better antiproliferation effects on the HCT-116 than the HT-29 cells, the GBPE had significantly stronger inhibitory effects than GBPP. The observed in vitro GBPE’s effect could contribute to the actions of its small-molecule non-polysaccharide compounds due to their direct antiproliferative activities. Results obtained from the present study suggest that ginseng berry polysaccharides may have a therapeutic role in the management of high lipid levels, enteric inflammation, and colon malignancies.

Location-specific consequences of beach seine and gillnet capture on upriver-migrating sockeye salmon migration behavior and fate

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2011-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Bass ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
David A. Patterson ◽  
Steven J. Cooke ◽  
Anthony P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Migration Behavior ◽  
Beach Seine ◽  
Gill Net ◽  
Total Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Incidental Mortality

Fish released after capture, or fish interacting with gear but escaping, sometimes experience fishing-related incidental mortality (FRIM). For adult Pacific salmon migrations, knowing the magnitude of FRIM is important to estimate escapement accurately and to understand the total impact of a specific fishery. To determine how multiple gear types are associated with FRIM at different levels of maturity, we captured sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by both gill net and beach seine at three locations along their migration route (10%, 26%, and 72% of a 500 km freshwater migration) and determined their migratory success using biotelemetry. FRIM was higher for fish captured by gill net except at the location closest to spawning grounds. In addition, salmon captured by gill net at the lower river locations temporarily delayed migration, potentially indicating a requirement for lengthier recovery time compared with beach-seined fish. These results provide the first empirical and parallel comparison of these two common in-river fishing methods for salmon, revealing clear differences in FRIM between the two fishing methods in lower river fisheries and the importance of maturity.

The timing of adult sockeye salmon migration into fresh water: adaptations by populations to prevailing thermal regimes

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayre Hodgson ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Timing Of Spawning

Anadromous fishes migrate to sea, apparently to take advantage of growing conditions, and return to fresh water to spawn. Despite favorable growing conditions at sea in summer, some populations leave the ocean in spring, many months prior to spawning. We hypothesized that this premature migration is a consequence of the fish having to avoid stressful summer temperatures in order to access certain suitable areas for spawning in the fall. We tested this idea in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, by compiling data on the timing of migration and spawning and the freshwater temperature regime along the migration route in populations throughout the species' North American range. The timing of migration varied among populations and was primarily related to temperature regime during migration and the timing of spawning. When temperatures were moderate (<19°C), sockeye salmon tended to migrate to the vicinity of the spawning grounds about 1 month prior to spawning, regardless of the length of the freshwater migration. However, populations on whose migration route the average temperature exceeded 19°C displayed two basic patterns. Some populations entered fresh water prior to the warmest period, months before spawning, whereas others migrated after the period of highest temperatures had occurred.

Effects of indoor or outdoor rearing on the chemical composition of lambs

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Theriez ◽  
B. Touraine ◽  
P. Vigneron ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Rearing Method

AbstractPure Merinos d'Aries male lambs were reared indoors (IN), with hay and concentrates, or outdoor (OUT) on improved Mediterranean range (Garrigues) and slaughtered when they reached 25 (light) or 32 (heavy) kg live weight. The alimentary tract weight was significantly affected by slaughter weight and by rearing method, which also significantly modified rumen contents. IN lamb body composition was higher in fat and energy and lower in water and protein than OUT lambs but differences induced by the rearing method were reduced when slaughter weight was increased. Allometric equations established for each environment were used to determine body composition and body gain composition at 20 and 25 kg empty body weight. Changes were very limited for IN lambs but protein and fat content of OUT lambs changed greatly as a result of the tremendous increase of grass availability towards the end of the fattening period.

The measurement of the flow of food to the duodenum of sheep

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Harris ◽  
A. T. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Total Disappearance ◽  
Added Salt

1. A comparison of the performance of Scottish Blackface ewe hoggets with and without an exteriorised flow to the duodenum was carried out while the animals were fed on hay with a low nitrogen content and added salt. No evidence was found from the food and water consumed, from the weight changes or from a comparison of the organic matter, nitrogen and ash contents of the food and the faeces that the operation caused any permanent disturbance to digestion.2. Regular measurements of the flow of abomasal contents to the duodenum established a pattern of flow that was influenced by feeding. A relationship between the quantities passed per hour from the abomasum and the time devoted to rumination was found, but the relationship appeared to be dissociated in time so that increased rumination preceded the increased passage of contents.3. The mean quantity of abomasal contents passed from four animals was 398 ml./hour. According to the quantities of chromium sesquioxide administered by mouth, passed from the abomasum, and excreted in the faeces this value represents not more than 90% and not less than 86% of the flow that can normally be expected.4. The quantities of organic matter that disappear in the stomach were calculated and represent about half or more of the total disappearance in the alimentary tract.5. Substantially more nitrogen left the abomasum than was eaten in the food daily. Of the nitrogen passing to the duodenum the greater part disappeared in the intestines.6. About twice as much ash left the stomach as was present in the food and about two-thirds of the ash entering the duodenum disappeared in the intestines.

Migration Route of Invasive Juvenile Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Young Salmon

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Coelomic Cavity ◽  
Pyloric Caeca ◽  
Third Stage

The infective juveniles of the dracunculoid nematode Philonema oncorhynchi were known to reach their site of development in the wall of the swim bladder of salmon within 18 hr. To establish the route which they follow, a small, parasite-free, fingerling sockeye salmon was fed copepods containing the infective third stage of the worm. Seventeen hours later the fish was fixed, decalcified, and sectioned at 8–10 μ. The distribution of the invasive juvenile worms in the serial transverse sections indicates that they penetrate the gut wall, mainly in the region of the pyloric caeca. The majority of juveniles reach the swim bladder by moving through the coelomic cavity; a smaller number appears to cross in the mesentery and associated tissues such as the pancreas. No evidence was found suggesting that the vascular system is used as a pathway.

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