Validation of SpraySafe Manager, an aerial herbicide application decision support system

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W Ray ◽  
Brian Richardson ◽  
Wayne C Schou ◽  
Milton E Teske ◽  
Arthur L Vanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Application Model ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Application Decision

Spray Safe Manager (SSM) is a computer-based aerial application model, which unlike previous models, has a simple user interface. SSM not only predicts spray deposition but also integrates this data with herbicide-plant dose-response curves. This latter facility allows the operator to predict the size of buffer zone required to avoid damage to sensitive plants outside the spray area and the degree of weed control within the spray block. Validation trials showed that, for a helicopter applied spray, the model tended to overpredict spray deposition on stainless steel plates close to the spray block and underpredict deposition in the region 32-80 m from the centre of the spray release line and on isolated plants. The accuracy of model prediction was greater when the spray was applied using D8-45 nozzles orientated at 90°, than for spray applied using D6 nozzles orientated at 0°. The reasons for this are discussed. The model can also be used to predict possible work rates, hectares sprayed per hour, and potentially as a training tool.

scholarly journals Spray Deposition on Weeds (Palmer Amaranth and Morningglory) from a Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System and Backpack Sprayer

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin ◽  
Vijay Singh ◽  
Mohamed A. Latheef ◽  
Muthukumar Bagavathiannan
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Application System ◽  
Leaf Surfaces

This study was designed to determine whether a remotely piloted aerial application system (RPAAS) could be used in lieu of a backpack sprayer for post-emergence herbicide application. Consequent to this objective, a spray mixture of tap water and fluorescent dye was applied on Palmer amaranth and ivyleaf morningglory using an RPAAS at 18.7 and 37.4 L·ha−1 and a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at a 140 L·ha−1 spray application rate. Spray efficiency (the proportion of applied spray collected on an artificial sampler) for the RPAAS treatments was comparable to that for the backpack sprayer. Fluorescent spray droplet density was significantly higher on the adaxial surface for the backpack sprayer treatment than that for the RPAAS platforms. The percent of spray droplets on the abaxial surface for the RPAAS aircraft at 37.4 L·ha−1 was 4-fold greater than that for the backpack sprayer at 140 L·ha−1. The increased spray deposition on the abaxial leaf surfaces was likely caused by rotor downwash and wind turbulence generated by the RPAAS which caused leaf fluttering. This improved spray deposition may help increase the efficacy of contact herbicides. Test results indicated that RPAASs may be used for herbicide application in lieu of conventional backpack sprayers.

scholarly journals Spray Drift Generated in Vineyard during Under-Row Weed Control and Suckering: Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Drift-Reducing Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Grella ◽  
Paolo Marucco ◽  
Athanasios T. Balafoutis ◽  
Paolo Balsari
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spray Applications

The most widespread method for weed control and suckering in vineyards is under-row band herbicide application. It could be performed for weed control only (WC) or weed control and suckering (WSC) simultaneously. During herbicide application, spray drift is one of the most important environmental issues. The objective of this experimental work was to evaluate the performance of specific Spray Drift Reducing Techniques (SDRTs) used either for WC or WSC spray applications. Furthermore, spray drift reduction achieved by buffer zone adoption was investigated. All spray drift measurements were conducted according to ISO22866:2005 protocol. Sixteen configurations deriving from four nozzle types (two conventional and two air-induction—AI) combined with or without a semi-shielded boom at two different heights (0.25 m for WC and 0.50 m for WSC) were tested. A fully-shielded boom was also tested in combination with conventional nozzles at 0.25 m height for WC. Ground spray drift profiles were obtained, from which corresponding Drift Values (DVs) were calculated. Then, the related drift reduction was calculated based on ISO22369-1:2006. It was revealed that WC spray applications generate lower spray drift than WSC applications. In all cases, using AI nozzles and semi-shielded boom significantly reduced DVs; the optimum combination of SDRTs decreased spray drift by up to 78% and 95% for WC and WSC spray application, respectively. The fully-shielded boom allowed reducing nearly 100% of spray drift generation. Finally, the adoption of a cropped buffer zone that includes the two outermost vineyard rows lowered the total spray drift up to 97%. The first 90th percentile model for the spray drift generated during herbicide application in vineyards was also obtained.

Fading Activities of Herbicidal Droplets Amended with Emulsifiable Spray Adjuvants on Cucurbitaceous Leaves

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1881-1888
Author(s):  
Jeng-Liang Lin ◽  
Heping Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Maximum Coverage ◽  
Fading Time ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Spray Adjuvants

Abstract. Understanding reactions of surfactant-amended droplets on difficult-to-wet weed surfaces could help develop application strategies to increase herbicide efficacy. Behaviors of herbicidal droplets containing different emulsifiable anti-evaporation spray adjuvants were investigated by characterizing 250 and 450 µm herbicidal droplet dispersion and fading time on cucurbitaceous leaves placed inside a 20°C chamber at 30% and 60% relative humidity (RH). Droplet maximum coverage area increased with droplet size but not with RH, while droplet fading time increased with both droplet size and RH. Despite 450 µm droplets having greater maximum coverage area than 250 µm droplets, the larger droplets had higher fading rates and lower ratios of maximum coverage area to droplet volume. Droplet maximum coverage area and fading time on leaves were affected by adding spray adjuvants to the herbicide-only solution. The Uptake surfactant was more effective than the other two surfactants (AntiEvap+BS1000 and Enhance) in increasing droplet maximum coverage area and fading time. Compared to the herbicide-only solution, addition of Uptake surfactant to the herbicide solution could increase maximum coverage area by 68% and 52% for 250 and 450 µm droplets, respectively, but addition of AntiEvap+BS1000 or Enhance surfactants did not show significant increase. Similarly, addition of Uptake surfactant to the herbicide-only solution increased droplet fading times by 11.1% and 13.2% at 30% and 60% RH, respectively, for 250 µm droplets and by 34.7% and 2.8% at 30% and 60% RH, respectively, for 450 µm droplets. In contrast, addition of AntiEvap+BS1000 surfactant reduced fading time, and addition of Enhance surfactant did not significantly affect fading time. Therefore, appropriate selection of spray adjuvants for herbicide applications could significantly influence droplet deposit behaviors on cucurbitaceous leaves, leading to improved effectiveness of weed control. Keywords: Herbicide application, Spray deposition, Spray droplet, Surfactant, Weed control.

Layered Sheet-Steel Damping Estimation Using Optical Vibrometry

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Nutakor ◽  
R. Scott Semken ◽  
Janne E. Heikkinen ◽  
Jussi Sopanen ◽  
Aki Mikkola
Keyword(s):  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Mass Loading ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Structural Damping ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Transient Vibration ◽  
Half Power ◽  
Optical Transducer

A non-contact modal analysis method is implemented to estimate the structural damping ratios for four stacks of sheet-steel, each bound using a different method. The setup comprised the four subject stacks and, for comparison, two single homogeneous steel plates of the same length and width with thicknesses that approximated the layered stack heights. To carry out the modal analyses, each test item was hung to simulate a free-free boundary condition. A force and frequency adjustable impact hammer imparted transient vibration to each hanging test piece after which the local relative velocity for each one of an array of discrete target points across the entire length-to-width surface was measured using an optical transducer. Damping ratios were extracted from the frequency response curves using the half power bandwidth method. Comparing the results obtained for the layered sheet-steel stacks with those from the homogeneous steel plates showed that damping ratios and loss factors can be estimated using the proposed experimental technique. The consistent impacts and the elimination of test structure mass loading improves the accuracy of damping estimates. In comparison to the solid plates, the layered sheet-steel stacks were characterized by increased damping. The effect was most significant for the stack bound together by polymer rivets.

scholarly journals Survey of ground and aerial herbicide application practices in Arkansas agronomic crops

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
L. Tom Barber ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Jason Davis
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Commercial Pesticide ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Application Optimization ◽  
Herbicide Drift ◽  
Current Practices

Abstract A thorough understanding of commonly used herbicide application practices and technologies is needed to provide recommendations and determine necessary application education efforts. An online survey to assess ground and aerial herbicide application practices in Arkansas was made available online in spring 2019. The survey was direct-emailed to 272 agricultural aviators and 831 certified commercial pesticide applicators, as well as made publicly available online through multiple media sources. A total of 124 responses were received, of which 75 responses were specific to herbicide applications in Arkansas agronomic crops, accounting for approximately 49% of Arkansas’ planted agronomic crop hectares in 2019. Ground and aerial application equipment were used for 49% and 51% of the herbicide applications on reported hectares, respectively. Rate controllers were commonly used application technologies for both ground and aerial application equipment. In contrast, global positioning system-driven automatic nozzle and boom shut-offs were much more common on ground spray equipment than aerial equipment. Applicator knowledge of nozzles and usage was limited, regardless of ground or aerial applicators, as only 28% of respondents provided a specific nozzle type used, indicating a need for educational efforts on nozzles and their importance in herbicide applications. Of the reported nozzle types, venturi nozzles and straight-stream nozzles were the most commonly used for ground and aerial spray equipment, respectively. Spray carrier volumes of 96.3 and 118.8 L ha−1 for ground spray equipment and 49.6 and 59.9 L ha−1 for aerial application equipment were the means of reported spray volumes for systemic and contact herbicides, respectively. Respondents indicated application optimization was a major benefit of utilizing newer application technologies, herbicide drift was a primary challenge, and research needs expressed by respondents included adjuvants, spray volume efficacy, and herbicide drift. Findings from this survey provided insight into current practices, technologies, and needs of Arkansas herbicide applicators. Research and education efforts can be implemented as a result to address aforementioned needs while providing applied research-based information to applicators based on current practices.

Aerial Application Methods for Increasing Spray Deposition on Wheat Heads

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Fritz ◽  
W. C. Hoffmann ◽  
D. E. Martin ◽  
S. J. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Application Methods
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