Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. VIII. Leaf and crown morphology of native P. trichocarpa clones from four river valleys in Washington

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1710-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Dunlap ◽  
R.F. Stettler ◽  
P.E. Heilman
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Selection Gradient ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Yakima River ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Crown Traits

A common-garden study of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray was initiated in 1985, when clonal material from 128 trees was collected from sites distributed along two mesic (Hoh, Nisqually) and two xeric (Dungeness, Yakima) river valleys. This material was grown for 1 year at Puyallup, Wash. In spring 1986, cuttings from this material were used to establish two replicate plantations, one at Puyallup and the other at Wenatchee, Wash. Data were collected from a subset of 80 clones on 8 single-leaf and 14 crown traits after two growing seasons. Analyses of variance revealed significant (p ≤ 0.10) differences among rivers in nearly all single-leaf traits by the second year at both plantations. Two-year leaf sizes at Puyallup significantly declined in this order: Hoh (388 cm2) > Nisqually > Dungeness > Yakima (194 cm2). At Wenatchee, a similar mesic > xeric pattern was found among river sources, but leaves were smaller there. When grown at Puyallup, leaves of clones from lower elevations in the Yakima valley were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) smaller, lighter, thinner, and weighed less per unit area than upper elevation clones. Chi-square tests showed that abaxial leaf surfaces were greener in Yakima trees than in trees from other locations, especially in those from the the lower Yakima valley. In the crown traits of trees grown in Puyallup, river and clone-within-site-within-river effects were significant for all traits, whereas site-within-river effects were significant for only 8 traits. Mesic-origin trees were significantly larger in size traits, e.g., branch length, than xeric-origin trees. Trees from the Yakima drainage system were leafier and branchier (p ≤ 0.10) than both Nisqually and Hoh trees. Values for most crown traits were greater (p ≤ 0.10) in the xeric, lower Yakima clones than in the mesic, upper Yakima clones. These mesic-xeric differences were similar for Dungeness trees, although there were few significant differences between the lower and upper elevational groups. Single-leaf and crown traits of trees from the four river valleys seem to be adapted to the respective mesic and xeric conditions of the source environments. Within the Yakima river valley, a sharp change in leaf and crown traits and in atmospheric moisture levels coincide midway along the transect, suggesting the presence of a steep selection gradient in the Bristol Canyon area.

Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. VII. Two-year survival and growth of native black cottonwood clones from four river valleys in Washington

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1539-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Dunlap ◽  
P. E. Heilman ◽  
R.F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Selection Gradient ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
Microsite Heterogeneity ◽  
River Valleys

A common-garden study of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray was initiated in 1985 when clonal material from 128 trees was collected from sites distributed along two mesic (Hoh and Nisqually) and two xeric (Dungeness and Yakima) river valleys. This material was grown for 1 year at Puyallup, Wash. In spring 1986, cuttings from this material were used to establish two replicate plantations, one at Puyallup and one at Wenatchee, Wash. Over the 2 year period, trees were assessed for survival, damage, and growth. Two-year survival was 86% at Puyallup and 59% at Wenatchee; survival was higher for mesic-origin trees at both sites. At Wenatchee, mortality was mainly due to a droughty soil and hot, dry climate in the first year, and damage was due to the tarnished plant bug (Lygus spp.), field voles (Microtus spp.), and grasshoppers (Family Acrididae). At both locations, Melampsoraoccidentalis Jacks. leaf rust was found mainly on trees originating from Yakima. Mean 2-year height and diameter at Puyallup were 457 cm and 40 mm, respectively; corresponding values at Wenatchee were 320 cm and 29 mm. At Puyallup, 2-year stem volume (diameter2 × height) decreased significantly in this order: Nisqually (13 500 cm3) = Hoh > Dungeness > Yakima (4700 cm3). Within the Nisqually trees, clones from lower, milder climate elevations grew more than those from the upper elevations. The reverse was true for the Yakima trees, presumably because the lower elevation trees are adapted to an arid climate and are very susceptible to Melampsora rust. At Wenatchee, high microsite heterogeneity masked much of the genetic variation. The genetic variance component (among rivers, sites, and clones) for stem volume at Puyallup increased from 27 to 51% over the second year. In analyses of each river valley, genetic components (elevational group and clone) were also high at 27–63%; however, for the Yakima trees, the elevational group variance (40%) was much larger than for the other valleys (0–7%) and suggests a steep selection gradient midway along the river transect.

scholarly journals Leaf Nutrient Relations of Cycads in a Common Garden

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 194008292110365
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Anders J. Lindström
Keyword(s):  
Common Garden ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Nutrient Relations ◽  
Homogeneous Environment ◽  
Dry Combustion

Background and Aims Research required to clarify leaf nutrient relations of cycad species has been inadequate. Common garden studies are useful for determining the influence of genetics on leaf traits because of the homogeneous environment among experimental units. To date, there have been no common garden studies which included all ten genera of cycads. The full phylogenetic breadth has, therefore, not been included in this important area of study. Methods We examined macronutrient and micronutrient content of leaves from one representative species from each of the ten cycad genera at Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden in Thailand. Nitrogen content was determined by dry combustion, and the remaining nutrients were quantified by spectrometry. Results The least variable elements were nitrogen and phosphorus, and the most variable elements were boron and sodium. Nutrient content based on leaflet area was more variable than based on leaflet mass, reflecting species differences in specific leaf area. There were no universal macronutrient or micronutrient signals indicating clear phylogenetic distinctions. Implications for Conservation: Active management of threatened cycad taxa requires research to develop the knowledge to enable evidence-based decisions. This common garden study inclusive of all 10 cycad genera creates a foundation to determine leaf nutrient sufficiency ranges to inform management decisions.

scholarly journals Host–parasitoid evolution in a metacommunity

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1831) ◽  
pp. 20160477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denon Start ◽  
Benjamin Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Selection Gradient ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Phenotypic Shift

Patch size and isolation are predicted to alter both species diversity and evolution; yet, there are few empirical examples of eco-evolutionary feedback in metacommunities. We tested three hypotheses about eco-evolutionary feedback in a gall-forming fly, Eurosta solidaginis and two of its natural enemies that select for opposite traits: (i) specialization and poor dispersal ability constrain a subset of natural enemies from occupying small and isolated patches, (ii) this constraint alters selection on the gall fly, causing phenotypic shifts towards traits resistant to generalist and dispersive enemies in small and isolated patches, and (iii) reduced dispersal evolves in small, isolated populations. We sampled patches in a natural metacommunity and found support for all hypotheses; Eurosta 's specialist wasp parasitoid attacked fewer galls in small and isolated patches, generating a selection gradient that favoured small galls resistant to predation by a dispersive and generalist bird predator. Phenotype distributions matched this selection gradient, and these phenotypic differences were maintained in a common garden experiment. Finally, we found lower dispersal abilities in small and isolated patches, a phenotypic shift that aids in the maintenance of local adaptation. We suggest that the trophic rank and the species traits of consumers are central to evolution in metacommunities.

scholarly journals Leaf Canopy Layers Affect Spectral Reflectance in Silver Birch

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 2884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Deepak ◽  
Sarita Keski-Saari ◽  
Laure Fauch ◽  
Lars Granlund ◽  
Elina Oksanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Leaf Reflectance ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Reflectance Indices

The availability of light within the tree canopy affects various leaf traits and leaf reflectance. We determined the leaf reflectance variation from 400 nm to 2500 nm among three canopy layers and cardinal directions of three genetically identical cloned silver birches growing at the same common garden site. The variation in the canopy layer was evident in the principal component analysis (PCA), and the influential wavelengths responsible for variation were identified using the variable importance in projection (VIP) based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Leaf traits, such as chlorophyll, nitrogen, dry weight, and specific leaf area (SLA), also showed significant variation among the canopy layers. We found a shift in the red edge inflection point (REIP) for the canopy layers. The canopy layers contribute to the variability in the reflectance indices. We conclude that the largest variation was among the canopy layers, whereas the differences among individual trees to the leaf reflectance were relatively small. This implies that within-tree variation due to the canopy layer should be taken into account in the estimation of intraspecific variation in the canopy reflectance.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE WAVE FLOW MOTION IN OPEN CHANNELS WITH A SHARP CHANGE IN THE BOTTOM LEVEL

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Sayriddin Shakhobovich SAYRIDDINOV
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Wave Flow ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Bottom Level ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Flow Motion

Рresents the results of experimental research which allow to give engineering-based recommendations about determination of waves characteristics in interaction with local vertical narrowing of the riverbed and improve methods of calculation and designing of hydraulic and engineering objects, water supply and drainage system.

Do leaf traits in two Dalbergia species present differential plasticity in relation to light according to their habitat of origin?

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Silvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira ◽  
Ana Clara Luppi Queiroz ◽  
Fernanda de Vasconcelos Barros ◽  
Maíra Figueiredo Goulart ◽  
José Pires de Lemos-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Changing Light

The phenotypic plasticity to light of two congeneric species of leguminous trees from distinct habitats was evaluated in a common-garden experiment. For that, we assessed the following two groups of leaf morphological and anatomical traits of 1-year-old seedlings: (1) traits related to light interception (tissues thickness and leaflet mass per area), and (2) traits related to gas exchange (number of leaflets per leaf and measurements of stomatal size and density). Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. is an endemic Atlantic forest species, and D. miscolobium Benth. is a typical cerrado species. Both were grown under shade and full-sunlight conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of leaves was determined by a relative distance plasticity index (RDPI). For both species, sun leaflets were thicker than shade ones, and only D. nigra presented lower values for stomatal density (nst), percentage of the leaflet area occupied by stomatal pores (nast) and estimated stomatal conductance (gst) under shade conditions. The forest species (D. nigra) had higher plasticity for variables related to gas exchange (number of leaflets per leaf, nst, ast, nast and gst), whereas the cerrado species (D. miscolobium) had higher plasticity for variables related to light interception, such as leaflet mass per area, leaflet thickness and palisade and spongy parenchyma thickness. The degree of plasticity was different for each analysed parameter, and not used to define which species is more plastic. The leaf traits of D. nigra and D. miscolobium that showed high plasticity were related to resources that are not limiting to improve its photosynthesis in a changing light environment.

scholarly journals Parallel Alpine Differentiation in Arabidopsis arenosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Knotek ◽  
Veronika Konečná ◽  
Guillaume Wos ◽  
Doubravka Požárová ◽  
Gabriela Šrámková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Arabidopsis Arenosa ◽  
Genetic Clustering ◽  
Genomic Basis

Parallel evolution provides powerful natural experiments for studying repeatability of evolution and genomic basis of adaptation. Well-documented examples from plants are, however, still rare, as are inquiries of mechanisms driving convergence in some traits while divergence in others. Arabidopsis arenosa, a predominantly foothill species with scattered morphologically distinct alpine occurrences is a promising candidate. Yet, the hypothesis of parallelism remained untested. We sampled foothill and alpine populations in all regions known to harbor the alpine ecotype and used SNP genotyping to test for repeated alpine colonization. Then, we combined field surveys and a common garden experiment to quantify phenotypic parallelism. Genetic clustering by region but not elevation and coalescent simulations demonstrated parallel origin of alpine ecotype in four mountain regions. Alpine populations exhibited parallelism in height and floral traits which persisted after two generations in cultivation. In contrast, leaf traits were distinctive only in certain region(s), reflecting a mixture of plasticity and genetically determined non-parallelism. We demonstrate varying degrees and causes of parallelism and non-parallelism across populations and traits within a plant species. Parallel divergence along a sharp elevation gradient makes A. arenosa a promising candidate for studying genomic basis of adaptation.

Provenance plasticity of European beech leaf traits under differing environmental conditions at two Serbian common garden sites

2015 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srđan Stojnić ◽  
Saša Orlović ◽  
Danijela Miljković ◽  
Zoran Galić ◽  
Marko Kebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Leaf Traits

The history of the great northwest European rivers during the past three million years

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1191) ◽  
pp. 559-602 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
River System ◽  
Estuarine Sediments ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Continental Glaciation ◽  
The Impact

This paper is based on a review of the histories of the Rivers Elbe, Saale, Weser, Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, Thames, Somme and Seine. Two further rivers no longer in existence, the Baltic and Channel rivers, are also included. The histories of these rivers illustrate how the interplay of tectonics and climate have influenced the northwest European drainage system through the late Cainozoic. The foundations of the modern drainage system were laid in the Miocene when earth movements associated with Alpine orogenesis and the opening of the North Atlantic were at their height. In general, these early rivers occupied shallow valleys and transported only chemically resistant minerals and lithologies. The Pleistocene was marked by the appearance of cold climates. These climates resulted in fluvial dissection of the landscape, which stripped first regolith, then fresh material derived by periglacial processes. This material accumulated in the river valleys as gravel and sand deposits, which make up the overwhelming bulk of Pleistocene fluvial sediments. The rivers generally adopted braided courses during cold stages. The deeply incised modern valley system has developed largely as a result of rapid climatic changes over the past 2.4 Ma or so. Throughout this period the river system has undergone repeated adjustments in response to continental glaciation. These responses are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the Anglian-Elsterian glaciation that blocked the southern North Sea to produce a vast ice-dammed lake, the overspill from which initiated the Dover Straits. By contrast, interglacial sedimentation comprises predominantly fine, often fossiliferous sediments with rivers normally adopting single-thread channels, while estuarine sediments were deposited in areas invaded by high eustatic sea levels. The impact of sea-level change on the length of rivers and their courses is considered.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cultivar-Specific Variability in Size-Related Leaf Traits and Modeling of Single Leaf Area in Three Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Ocimum basilicum L., Mentha Spp., and Salvia Spp.

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Maurizio Teobaldelli ◽  
Boris Basile ◽  
Francesco Giuffrida ◽  
Daniela Romano ◽  
Stefania Toscano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Measured Parameter ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Best Fitting

In this study, five allometric models were used to estimate the single leaf area of three well-known medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) species, namely basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), mint (Mentha spp.), and sage (Salvia spp.). MAPs world production is expected to rise up to 5 trillion US$ by 2050 and, therefore, there is a high interest in developing research related to this horticultural sector. Calibration of the models was obtained separately for three selected species by analyzing (a) the cultivar variability—i.e., 5 cultivars of basil (1094 leaves), 4 of mint (901 leaves), and 5 of sage (1103 leaves)—in the main two traits related to leaf size (leaf length, L, and leaf width, W) and (b) the relationship between these traits and single leaf area (LA). Validation of the chosen models was obtained for each species using an independent dataset, i.e., 487, 441, and 418 leaves, respectively, for basil (cv. ‘Lettuce Leaf’), mint (cv. ‘Comune’), and sage (cv. ‘Comune’). Model calibration based on fast-track methodologies, such as those using one measured parameter (one-regressor models: L, W, L2, and W2) or on more accurate two-regressors models (L × W), allowed to achieve different levels of accuracy. This approach highlighted the importance of considering intra-specific variability before applying any models to a certain cultivar to predict single LA. Eventually, during the validation phase, although modeling of single LA based on W2 showed a good fitting (R2basil = 0.948; R2mint = 0.963; R2sage = 0.925), the distribution of the residuals was always unsatisfactory. On the other hand, two-regressor models (based on the product L × W) provided the best fitting and accuracy for basil (R2 = 0.992; RMSE = 0.327 cm2), mint (R2 = 0.998; RMSE = 0.222 cm2), and sage (R2 = 0.998; RMSE = 0.426 cm2).

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