A transaction evidence based estimate of the stumpage value of some southern Ontario forest species

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdish C. Nautiyal ◽  
Shashi Kant ◽  
Jeremy S. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Tree Size ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Land Site ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
As Species ◽  
Prime Determinant ◽  
Standing Timber ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Privately Owned

Most of the timber harvested in southern Ontario is sold in an open market. Sales are mainly conducted on mixed-species woodlots and include a range of timber qualities. An econometric model based on the transaction evidence approach and 506 sales data from 1983 to 1993 is developed to estimate the stumpage value of a stand as well as species components most important in determining value. Volume of timber of different species put on sale in a lot was found to be the prime determinant of sale value. For some species the product of average tree size and volume sold turned out to be influential. Per cubic metre value of standing timber was found to generally increase with tree size, but the nature of the relationship was not clearly identifiable. Ash was found to be the most valuable hardwood in southern Ontario. Ownership was a significant determinant of value, privately owned timber fetching much higher value than that on public lands. This may be due to difference in size of Trees on the two types of land. Site characteristics such as slope, underbrush, and distance from mills did not appear to be important in determining values. The reason most probably was that high per cubic metre values commanded by hardwoods rendered site differences and transportation costs in a well-roaded region relatively insignificant. Stand quality might have been an important factor, but poor data on it did not permit any useful analysis.

scholarly journals Farm Forestry in Agricultural Southern Ontario, ca. 1850-1940: Evolving Strategies in the Management and Conservation of Forests, Soils and Water on Private Lands

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bowley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Farm Forestry ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Scientific Agriculture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Privately Owned

Early settlers in southern Ontario aspired to become prosperous land-owning farmers; they began by cutting trees. Within a few decades, wind and water, unimpeded by forest cover, devastated soil and crops. Farmers were encouraged by groups such as the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association to reforest some of their land. Farm forestry, as part of scientific agriculture, had a strong beginning in the early 1900s with the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, but that movement was poorly supported until the 1930s, when the relationship between deforestation and water supplies reached a crisis. The Ontario Conservation and Reforestation Association (OCRA) and the Ontario Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) were created in agricultural southern Ontario in 1937-8 after a disastrously hot dry summer. Each organization interpreted the conservation of natural resources in profoundly different ways: the OCRA as a movement to create forest resources on public property, and the OCIA as management of privately-owned farmlands to improve crop production.

scholarly journals Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in woody organs, but not leaves, of temperate and tropical tree angiosperms are independent of the ‘fast-slow’ plant economic spectrum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Ramirez ◽  
D. Craven ◽  
J.M. Posada ◽  
B. Reu ◽  
C.A. Sierra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Change Factors ◽  
Leaf Habit ◽  
As Species ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryBackground and AimsCarbohydrate reserves play a vital role in plant survival during periods of negative carbon balance. Considering active storage of reserves, there is a trade-off between carbon allocation to growth and to reserves and defense. A resulting hypothesis is that allocation to reserves exhibits a coordinated variation with functional traits associated with the ‘fast-slow’ plant economics spectrum.MethodsWe tested the relationship between non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) of tree organs and functional traits using 61 angiosperm tree species from temperate and tropical forests with phylogenetic hierarchical Bayesian models.Key ResultsOur results provide evidence that NSC concentrations in woody organs and plant functional traits are largely decoupled, meaning that species’ resilience is unrelated to their position on the ‘fast-slow’ plant economics spectrum. In contrast, we found that variation between NSC concentrations in leaves and the fast-slow continuum was coordinated, as species with higher leaf NSC had traits values associated with resource conservative species such as lower SLA, lower Amax, and high wood density. We did not detect an influence of leaf habit on the variation of NSC concentrations in tree organs.ConclusionsEfforts to predict the response of ecosystems to global change will need to integrate a suite of plant traits, such as NSC concentrations in woody organs, that are independent of the ‘fast-slow’ spectrum and that capture how species respond to a broad range of global change factors.

scholarly journals The impact of ownership type on the relationship between corporate governance and earnings management: An empirical study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Ahmed Boghdady
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Earnings Management ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Real Earnings Management ◽  
Ownership Type ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Privately Owned

This study investigates the effect of ownership type on the relation between corporate governance and earnings management. While previous literature has mainly examined the relationship between corporate governance and both accrual and real earnings management, no study to date, to the researcher’s best knowledge, focused on the moderation effect of ownership type on this relationship. Three proxies for measuring accrual and real earnings management, namely discretionary accruals (DA), abnormal cash flows (ACFO), and abnormal discretionary expenses (ADISX) are employed. Three empirical models (i.e. DA, ACFO, and ADISX) are developed in which the earnings management proxies represent the dependent variables and are tested using a sample of non-financial companies containing state-owned and privately owned companies over the period from 2010 to 2017, with 1030 firm-year observations. The results show a positive relationship between ownership type and both accruals manipulation and sales manipulation. In general, the results suggest that the ownership type moderates the relationship between corporate governance and earnings management. The results suggest also that corporate governance mechanisms may not play an almost the same role in monitoring and mitigating real earnings management (REM) practices as they do for accrual earnings management (AEM) in Egypt. Moreover, no evidence is found supportive of the trade-off effect which means that managers in Egyptian firms use both types of earnings management jointly to reach the target levels of earnings

A preliminary investigation of the freshwater red algae in streams of southern Ontario, Canada

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1295-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Sheath ◽  
Beverly J. Hymes
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Conductivity Range ◽  
Freshwater Red Algae ◽  
The Relationship

Ten taxa of freshwater red algae have been observed in a survey of 62 streams and rivers within southern Ontario, Canada, over a period of 3 years. Five species are additions to the flora of Canada, Chroodactylon ramosum, Boldia erythrosiphon, Sirodotia tenuissima, Batrachospermum densum, and B. ectocarpum. In addition to these algae, Audouinella violacea, Sirodotia suecia, and Tuomeya fluviatilis are new observations within Ontario.Most of the Ontario red algae are restricted to streams or rivers with a minimum average flow rate of 10 m min−1. Audouinella violacea, B. moniliforme, and Lemanea fucina occur in a large number of streams which have a wide pH and conductivity range whereas S. tenuissima and B. ectocarpum are confined to one of the sites examined.Ultrastructural findings are reported concerning the cell organization of Boldia as well as the relationship between Batrachospermum plants and the "chantransia" stage. A key to the 10 taxa is included plus descriptions and a list of epiphytes of each alga are presented.

Lexico-grammatical stance in Spanish news reportage

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-237
Author(s):  
Anna M. Gates Tapia ◽  
Douglas Biber
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
South American ◽  
Open Market ◽  
South American Country ◽  
The Public ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Complement Clauses ◽  
The Government ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Large Corpus

The small South American country of Ecuador has recently come to international attention for perceived threats to journalistic freedom: first a major defamation lawsuit against El Universo (filed in March 2011) for unfounded criticisms of President Correa, and more recently passage of a highly controversial law of communications in June, 2013. Due to these developments, there is reason to believe that media reportage in Ecuador will currently be highly circumspect in the expression of opinions and evaluations, discourse functions that have been investigated under the umbrella of ‘stance’ in previous linguistic investigations. However, the situation of media language use in Ecuador is further interesting in that there are both government newspapers as well as privately owned newspapers competing on the open market. Presumably these different newspapers will not be affected in the same ways by the legal actions of the last few years. To investigate that possibility, the present study documents the lexico-grammatical expression of stance in a large corpus of Ecuadorian newspaper reportage, comparing and contrasting the expression of stance in two major newspapers: El Telégrafo, controlled by the government, and El Comercio, a privately owned outlet. The study focuses on two major types of lexico-grammatical features used to express stance: que-complement clauses and adverbials. Although the two newspapers are quite similar in the devices preferred for the expression of stance, the analysis also identifies systematic patterns of difference. Surprisingly, the results show that it is the government-controlled newspaper that consistently expresses stance to a greater extent than the privately-owned paper. These results are interpreted relative to the recent legal events in Ecuador, perhaps indicating increased scrutiny of media reportage in the private sector than in the public sector.

LOCAL INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND STOCK PRICE CRASH RISK: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
XIAOJIAN TANG ◽  
STEPHANIE TSUI ◽  
KUANG-TA LO
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Province Level

Based on province-level data on China’s local institutional environment from 2008 to 2014, we explore the relationship between the local institutional environment and stock price crash risk. We find that a stronger local institutional environment curbs stock price crash risk. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between local institutional environment and stock price crash risk for state-owned versus privately owned enterprises. We find that a stronger local institutional environment is more likely to curb stock price crash risk in state-owned enterprises than in privately owned enterprises. Our results are robust to additional tests. These findings suggest that it is necessary to accelerate the progress of local marketization in China to ensure the development of the stock market and a strong economy.

scholarly journals Interregional Crown Width Models for Individual Trees Growing in Pure and Mixed Stands in Austria

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Buchacher ◽  
Thomas Ledermann
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

Crown width is a functional trait that is commonly used to improve the estimation of above-ground biomass of forests and is often included as a predictor variable in forest growth models. Most of the existing crown width models reflect the relationship between crown width, tree size and competition variables, but do not consider the effect of species mixture. In this study, we developed crown width models for individual-tree of the major tree species growing in Austria. Because these models should be applicable for mixed and pure stands and should also take into account the characteristics of different sites, the relationship between crown width, site variables and species composition was investigated. For that purpose, we used data from a sub-sample of the Austrian National Forest Inventory, which comprises crown width measurements of about 8900 trees from 1508 sample plots. Because of the hierarchical structure of the data set (i.e., trees nested within the plot) which destroys the independencies between observations, linear mixed-effects models were used. The species composition of the stand was included via the species-specific relative proportions of basal area. To describe the interregional variability of crown width, dummy variables were introduced, which account for region-specific differences. Site characteristics were incorporated through the altitude, slope and aspect of the site. For Norway spruce, silver fir, Scots pine, European larch, European beech, oak species and ash/maple species it was possible to develop crown width models, which reflect the effects of site characteristics and species composition of the stand. The crown widths of shade-tolerant species reacted mainly positively to admixture, whereas light-demanding species reacted with decreasing crown widths. Coniferous species were not as strongly affected by mixture as broadleaf species.

scholarly journals Macro- and mesoscale pattern interdependencies in complex networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (159) ◽  
pp. 20190553 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Palazzi ◽  
J. Borge-Holthoefer ◽  
C. J. Tessone ◽  
A. Solé-Ribalta
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Modular Architecture ◽  
Modular Networks ◽  
As Species ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
Natural Combination ◽  
The Relationship

Identifying and explaining the structure of complex networks at different scales has become an important problem across disciplines. At the mesoscale, modular architecture has attracted most of the attention. At the macroscale, other arrangements—e.g. nestedness or core–periphery—have been studied in parallel, but to a much lesser extent. However, empirical evidence increasingly suggests that characterizing a network with a unique pattern typology may be too simplistic, since a system can integrate properties from distinct organizations at different scales. Here, we explore the relationship between some of these different organizational patterns: two at the mesoscale (modularity and in-block nestedness); and one at the macroscale (nestedness). We show experimentally and analytically that nestedness imposes bounds to modularity, with exact analytical results in idealized scenarios. Specifically, we show that nestedness and modularity are interdependent. Furthermore, we analytically evidence that in-block nestedness provides a natural combination between nested and modular networks, taking structural properties of both. Far from a mere theoretical exercise, understanding the boundaries that discriminate each architecture is fundamental, to the extent that modularity and nestedness are known to place heavy dynamical effects on processes, such as species abundances and stability in ecology.

Population size, variability, and aggregation among forest lepidoptera in southern Ontario

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Dean ◽  
Robert E. Ricklefs
Keyword(s):  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Size Variability ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forest Lepidoptera

Abundance, variability, and aggregation of larval populations of 162 species of lepidoptera, feeding on the foliage of primarily deciduous trees in southern Ontario, were analyzed to test four hypotheses about the relationship of species to their resources. The lepidoptera larvae were treated both as exploiters of foliage and as resources for parasitoids. Multiple regression and partial correlation analysis revealed that (1) the abundance and variability of a moth population were independent of the diversity of host trees fed upon, (2) the incidence of parasitism on a moth population was independent of the variability of the host population, and (3) the diversity of parasites of a moth was independent of the variability of the host population. We raise the possibility that parasites may be ineffective control agents for lepidoptera species.

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