Effects of phosphorus deficiency and recovery fertilization on growth, mineral concentration, and ultrastructure of Scots pine needles

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2459-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Palomäki ◽  
T. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Recovery Treatment ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

During the first year of a 2-year field experiment (1989–1990), 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) seedlings were watered with phosphorus-deficient nutrient solutions containing no phosphorus (0%) or 30% of the optimal phosphorus supply. A complete nutrient solution was used as the control. In the second growing period, the seedlings were divided into two groups, a deficiency and a recovery treatment, to follow the further development of, and recovery from, symptoms. Phosphorus contents in both current- and previous-year needles in both deficiency groups decreased clearly during the first growing period. Limited growth was observed at both deficiency levels after 10 weeks of treatment. The first ultrastructural symptom, swelling of cristae and subsequent dilatation of whole mitochondria, was observed after 16 weeks of treatment in the current-year needles. In addition to this symptom, the previous-year needles had an increase in the number and translucency of plastoglobuli, a decrease of granum thylakoids, and an increase in the density of the stroma in chloroplasts. After the second growing period, the same changes were observable in the phosphorus-deficient seedlings. In the young needles grown during the recovery fertilization period, slight swelling of mitochondria was detected and recovery of the previous-year needles was not complete. The results of this experiment suggest that the swelling of mitochondria is a characteristic symptom of phosphorus deficiency at the ultrastructural level in different needle generations. All the symptoms, when occurring together, may be used in identifying a moderate phosphorus-deficiency stress in seedlings.

Effects of nitrogen deficiency and recovery fertilization on ultrastructure, growth, and mineral concentrations of Scots pine needles

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Palomâki ◽  
T. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

During the first year of a 2-year field experiment, 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) seedlings were exposed to one of three nitrogen fertilization treatments: no nitrogen, 30% optimal nitrogen, or optimal nitrogen. In the second growing period the experiment was continued as a recovery fertilization experiment. Nitrogen concentration of needles was clearly lower in seedlings of both deficiency levels than in the control seedlings by the end of the first growing season. There was a rapid development of external and ultrastructural symptoms in the first-year nitrogen-deficient seedlings. After 10 weeks of treatment, yellowing of needles, decline in growth, and reduction in ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum content at the ultrastructural level were observed compared with the controls. After 16 weeks of treatment, abnormally shaped and narrow chloroplasts were detected in the mesophyll and transfusion parenchyma tissues of current- and previous-year needles. Increased plastoglobuli number and sizes, decreased numbers of thylakoids, and decreasing electron density of chloroplast stroma followed the other changes. In the second growing season during the recovery fertilization phase, the color of the needles and the shape of the chloroplasts rapidly returned to normal, but the cytoplasmic degeneration did not totally recover. The results of the present experiment suggest that early degeneration of cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes and changes in the chloroplast shape can be regarded as characteristic symptoms of nitrogen deficiency.

NITROGEN NUTRITION OF CITRUS NURSERY STOCK IN PINE BARK SUBSTRATES.

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1161f-1161
Author(s):  
John D. Lea-Cox ◽  
Irwin E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Pine bark is utilized as a substrate in citrus nurseries in South Africa. The Nitrogen (N) content of pine bark is inherently low, and due to the volubility of N, must be supplied on a continual basis to ensure optimum growth rates of young citrus nursery stock. Three citrus rootstock (rough lemon, carrizo citrange and cleopatra mandarin) showed no difference in stem diameter or total dry mass (TDM) when supplied N at concentrations between 25 and 200 mg ·l-1 N in the nutrient solution over a 12 month growing period. Free leaf arginine increased when N was supplied at 400 mg·l-1 N. The form of N affected the growth of rough lemon. High NH4-N:NO3-N (75:25) ratios decreased TDM when Sulfur (S) was absent from the nutrient solution, but not if S was present. Free arginine increased in leaves at high NH4-N (No S) ratios, but not at high NH4-N (S supplied) ratios. Free leaf arginine was correlated with free leaf ammonia. These results have important implications for reducing the concentration of N in nutrient solutions used in citrus nurseries and may indicate that higher NH4-N ratios can be used when adequate S is also supplied.

scholarly journals Effect of wood ash mulch on growth of Scots pine seedlings after transplanting into peat soil: A pilot study

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Heiskanen Juha ◽  
Uotila Karri ◽  
Ruhanen Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Wood ash production from power plants and the use of recycled ash for earthworks and forest peatland fertilization have increased markedly in Finland in recent decades. In this study, effects of wood-based ash on potted Scots pine seedlings were tested in a greenhouse. Seedlings were grown for one to two growing periods in peat with ash mulch thicknesses 0–8 cm. Seedlings grew well in ash thicknesses 0–4 cm during the first growing period. Seedling mortality (60%) occurred with the thickest ash mulch. Soluble nutrients in press water extracts were high compared with the control treatment. N and P levels were suboptimal also with ash mulch. During the second growing period, seedling mortality occurred (17%) already with the thinnest ash mulch. The results suggest that ash mulch around seedlings in quantities of less than 0.5 cm (or 7 kg·m<sup>–2</sup>) is feasible and is not detrimental to Scots pine seedlings. The results provide foundation for further field research on the longer-term impacts of wood ash mulch on planted seedlings on boreal forest sites and on the feasibility testing of the mulch as a supplement to or substitute for the soil preparation for seedling planting.

scholarly journals Computer Based Acquisitions System at Texas A&I University

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ned C. Morris
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
Multiple Orders ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The University ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Further Development

<span>In September 1966, a system was initiated at the University which provides for the use of automatically produced multiple orders and for the use of change chards to update order information on previously placed orders already on disk storage. The system is geared to an IBM 1620 Central Proessing Unit (40K) which has processed a total of 10,222 order transactions the first year. It is believed that the system will lend itself to further development within its existing framework and that it will be capable of handling future work loads.</span>

Knotwood as a window to the indirect measurement of the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 600-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Karppanen ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
Anni M. Harju ◽  
Stefan Willför ◽  
Suvi Pietarinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Further Development

Abstract There is wide variation in the extractive content and decay resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood. The heartwood is not visible in standing trees and only poorly visible in timber. Therefore, it is difficult to identify extractive-rich trees, and consequently the most decay-resistant heartwood. On the other hand, knots are clearly visible in standing trees and timber. In the present paper we studied the possibility of measuring the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood indirectly on the basis of the extractive concentration of knotwood. The material investigated consisted of 40 felled trees with a wide between-tree variation for extractive content and decay resistance of their heartwood. The extractive content of knotwood was found to be four- to five-fold higher than that of heartwood. Statistically significant correlations were found between the mass loss of heartwood and the concentrations of total phenolics and stilbenes in knotwood (r=-0.54, P<0.001 and r=-0.40, P=0.011, respectively), and for the concentration of total phenolics (r=0.42, P=0.008) and stilbenes (r=0.39, P=0.012) between heartwood and knotwood. We suggest further development of this technique in the context of rapid industrial screening of durable pine heartwood.

scholarly journals Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening Instruments for Very Young Children: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia O. Towle ◽  
Patricia A. Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
First Year ◽  
Screening Instruments ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
New Research ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
High Risk Children

Research on ASD in infancy has provided a rationale for developing screening instruments for children from the first year of life to age of 18 months. A comprehensive literature search identified candidate screening tools. Using methodological probe questions adapted from the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS), two Level 1 and three Level 2 screening instruments were reviewed in detail. Research evidence conclusions were that instrument development was in beginning phases, is not yet strong, and requires further development. Clinical recommendations were to continue vigilant developmental and autism surveillance from the first year on but to use the screening instrumentsper seonly for high-risk children rather than for population screening, with considerations regarding feasibility for individual settings, informing caregivers about strengths and weaknesses of the tool, and monitoring new research.

GROWTH RESPONSES OF SCOTS PINE (PINACEAE) TO ARTIFICIAL AND SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) DEFOLIATION

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Päivi Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Biomass Loss ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe influence of defoliation type (artificial versus natural), timing (early versus late), and intensity (25%, 50%, and 75% of needle mass removed) on leader growth of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (Linnaeus), was assessed for 2 years after treatment on an even-aged stand located in southeastern Finland. Trees were defoliated simultaneously, either artificially with a pair of scissors or naturally with larvae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Diprion pini (Linnaeus) for the early- and late-season treatments, respectively. After 1 year, early-season artificial defoliation generally caused greater growth reduction than natural defoliation. Late-season defoliation yielded opposite results. Trees defoliated artificially in early-season treatments were significantly shorter than control trees irrespective of defoliation intensity, whereas those defoliated late in the season did not differ from controls, except at the highest intensity. Trees defoliated by sawflies, either early or late in the season, were significantly shorter than control trees only at the highest defoliation intensity. The pattern of growth loss in the second year appeared similar to that in the first year. The impact of defoliation was either prolonged neutral or negative, as no compensatory responses on height growth in Scots pine were observed. Timing of the treatment in relation to completion of leader growth, differences in defoliation types, alteration of the photosynthetic capacity due to biomass loss, and the functional role of plant parts defoliated may explain the results observed.

scholarly journals Labeled Sodium (22Na+) Uptake and Translocation in Rabbiteye Blueberry Exposed to Sodium Chloride and Supplemental Calcium

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Wright ◽  
Kim D. Patter ◽  
Malcolm C. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
22Na Uptake ◽  
High Level ◽  
Chloride Salts ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

`Tifblue' rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants grown in complete nutrient solution were supplied with 25 mm NaCl and with either 0, 3, or 10 mm supplemental Ca2+ added as a mixture of the sulfate, nitrate, and chloride salts. Uptake and partitioning of 22Na+ into leaves, stems, and roots from labeled nutrient solutions and subsequent translocation in the absence of additional labeled Na+ (pulse-chase experiment) was determined. Plants were harvested at intervals following the uptake period. At 28 days, plants supplied with 10 mM Ca2+ accumulated 35% to 68% more 22Na+ in the 3rd-18th leaves from the apex and in herbaceous stems than plants not supplied with Ca2+. Leaf Na+ concentrations followed a similar trend. There was a preferential translocation of Na+ to the shoots compared to the other plant parts, which accounted for 30% of the total plant Na+ immediately following the uptake period and 15% at 28 days. Blueberry plants supplied with 3 mm Ca2+ did not have greater leaf or stem 2Na+ concentrations or total Na+ content than plants not supplied with Ca2+. The 2Na+ content did not decrease with 3 mM Ca2+ treatments. It is proposed that the failure of a high level (10 mm) of Ca2+ to protect against Na+ uptake and translocation to the herbaceous shoots is due to metabolic dysfunction. Abnormally high levels of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm may lead to an inability to sequester or exclude Na+.

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