Unbalanced nutrient status and epicuticular wax of Scots pine needles

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Ylimartimo ◽  
Elina Pääkkönen ◽  
Toini Holopainen ◽  
Hannu Rita
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Electron Microscope Analysis ◽  
Scots Pine Needles

Different combinations of normal and excessive foliar levels of nitrogen and normal and deficient foliar levels of K, Mg, and Ca were induced in Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) seedlings in an experiment with a completely randomized 24 factorial design during the growing season in 1991 and 1992. For scanning electron microscope analysis of epicuticular wax, the needles were sampled from the same part of the shoot on the same seedlings in September 1991 and 1 year later. The quantity and quality of the structural epicuticular wax were estimated by five-class scales based on the wax coverage or morphology. The effects of foliar nutrients on the quantity and quality of the wax were analyzed by logistic models. The deleterious effect of unbalanced nutrition first became visible in the stomatal furrows; the changes in wax coverage and morphology were clear already one growing season after the start of the nutrient treatments. Changes in the epistomatal chambers did not become discernible until 1 year later. The effect of different nutrients on the wax was somewhat different in stomatal and in nonstomatal areas. Deficiencies of Ca and Mg significantly decreased wax coverage in both the stomatal furrows and epistomatal chambers of the needles. Coverage in the epistomatal chambers was also significantly decreased by K deficiency, N excess, and consequently increased N/K ratios. The wax morphology in both the stomatal furrows and epistomatal chambers changed from tubelike to more fused and netlike structures as a result of deficiencies of K, Mg, and Ca and consequently increased N/K, N/Mg, and N/Ca ratios.

scholarly journals Comparison of planting success in one-year-old spring, summer and autumn plantings of Norway spruce and Scots pine under boreal conditions

Silva Fennica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
Jaana Luoranen ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Teppo Oijala ◽  
Heli Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
One Year ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Planting Season

In Nordic countries, tree planting of seedlings is mainly performed during spring and early summer. Interest has increased in extending the planting window throughout the unfrozen growing season. This study compared the success of one-year-old spring, summer and autumn plantings in practical forestry in Norway spruce ( (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine ( L.) in southern and central Finland. Planting success was based on the number of viable seedlings per hectare relative to a species-specific target density. The influence of different factors to poor planting results were determined, including quality of site preparation and planting, and sources of natural damage. Overall, in Norway spruce, 85, 69 and 84% and in Scots pine 53, 55 and 40% of spring, summer and autumn plantings succeeded. In Norway spruce, the planting results were consistent between the southern and central regions, whereas in Scots pine, the success was slightly lower in the south. The poor work quality and a low density of appropriate planting spots, contributed to poor planting results, regardless of planting season, region or tree species. Considering different damages, especially mammal damage contributed to the failure of Scots pine spring plantings, whereas in summer plantings, corresponding single failure reason could not be identified. Based on our findings, extending the planting season of Norway spruce could be recommended in both regions. For Scots pine, there is still significant uncertainty about the success of summer and autumn plantings, partially due to the limited number of plantings available for analyses.Picea abiesPinus sylvestris

Effects of crown reduction on needle nutrient status of scleroderris-canker-diseased and green-pruned Scots pine

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Nuorteva ◽  
Timo Kurkela
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Nutritional Disturbances ◽  
Needle Loss ◽  
Scots Pine Needles ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

The effects of green crown reduction (needle loss) on the nutrient status of needles were studied in Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) in Finland. Trees were either diseased with scleroderris canker (Gremmeniellaabietina (Lagerb.) Morelet) or had been green pruned. The concentrations of 15 different elements were determined in needles collected in March 1987 from 120 trees in six young Scots pine stands. Four of the stands had suffered from scleroderris canker over the last 10 years, whereas the other two stands were healthy and had been pruned about 2 years before sampling. To eliminate the effects of soil and environmental factors, sample trees were chosen in pairs. Each pair contained one tree with a severely reduced crown (about a 50% reduction in crown length as a result of disease or pruning) and an adjacent tree (control) with an unaffected crown. Compared with the control trees, concentrations of foliar B, Ca, N, and S were significantly higher in both diseased and pruned trees, while Mn was higher only in diseased trees and Na and Cu, only in pruned trees. Foliar Fe and Mg concentrations were lower in diseased trees than in control trees. In many stands there was a significant correlation between needle element concentrations and severity of crown reduction, suggesting that differences in foliar elemental concentration in Scots pine needles depend on the extent of crown reduction. This phenomenon should be considered when interpreting foliar analyses of recently defoliated conifers, particularly before conclusions are made about the need for fertilization, nutritional disturbances, or the effects of air pollution.

scholarly journals Stimulating the growth of trees with ashes of various biofuels (wood, peat) on a cutaway peatland

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Kikamägi ◽  
Katri Ots
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Height Increment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Scots Pine Needles

Puittaimede kasvu stimuleerimine erinevate biokütuste (puit, turvas) tuha liikidega ammendatud freesturbaväljalThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fertilization on the growth of Silver birchBetula pendulaRoth and Scots pinePinus sylvestrisL. seedlings on a cutaway peatland (Ulila, 58°22'N, 26°26'E). Five treatments were established: wood ash (10 000 and 5000 kg/ha), peat and wood ash mixture (10 000 and 5000 kg/ha) and control (unfertilized field). Results of analysis showed that the pH of peat in the cutaway peatland was before treatment 3.5 and it rose after fertilization by up to 0.7 units by the end of the first growing season. The treatment with 10 000 kg/ha of wood ash gave the best results: the annual height increment of Silver birches during the first growing season after fertilization was 4.5 times higher and that of Scots pines 1.1 times higher than control. In the second growing season after fertilization the increment was respectively 16.3 and 3.3 times higher than control. The root collar diameters of Silver birches were 4.4 time larger these of Scots pines 2.1 times larger than control. Scots pine needles were 2.2 times longer than control and the leaf area of the Silver birches was 6 times larger than control, which also shows a positive effect of fertilization. Peat ash treatment was also favourable, although its effect was much smaller than the effect of wood ash.

scholarly journals Accumulation of cobalt and nickel in soil, litter, and organs of Scots pine in the conditions of the Yelets industrial center

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (44) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Alexander Saakian ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
High Level ◽  
Industrial Center ◽  
Scots Pine Needles ◽  
Cobalt And Nickel

Information was obtained on the content of cobalt and nickel in soil, litter, and organs of Scots pine in the conditions of the Yelets industrial center. It was found that, under pollution conditions, the content of cobalt and nickel in vegetative organs, soil, litter is higher than the control values. Moreover, their content increases both during the growing season and with an increase in the age of the pine (needles and shoots). There is an uneven accumulation of metal in various organs of Scots pine. A high level of correlation was noted: between the content of cobalt in the soil and needles of the 1st year, shoots of the 1st year - PP No. 1 (r = 0.86; r = 0.78); between the content of cobalt in the soil and bark, litter - PP No. 2 (r = 0.99; r = 0.96); between the nickel content in the soil and needles of the 1st year, needles of the 2nd year, shoots of the 1st year - PP # 1 (r = 0.84; r = 0.78; r = 0.80); between the nickel content in soil and needles of the 1st year, shoots of the 1st year, bark, litter - PP No. 2 (r = 0.92; r = 0.89; r = 0.78; r = 0.87). Keywords: COBALT, NICKEL, SCOTS PINE, NEEDLES, SHOOTS, SOIL LITTER

Epicuticular wax of subarctic Scots pine needles: response to sulphur and heavy metal deposition

1997 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TURUNEN ◽  
S. HUTTUNEN ◽  
K. E. PERCY ◽  
C. K. MCLAUGHLIN ◽  
J. LAMPPU
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Heavy Metal Deposition ◽  
Scots Pine Needles

Improvement of separate elements of the techno-logy of cultivation of white cabbage in the conditions of the of the central region of the non-chernozem zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Konstantinovich ◽  
◽  
A.S. Kuracheva ◽  
E.D. Binkevich
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Sowing Seed

In conditions of climate change, when temperature and precipitation fluctuations occur more and more frequently during the growing season, it is necessary to obtain high quality seedlings with "immunity" to various stress factors, including high weediness, the damage from which is associated with a decrease in yield (by 25 -35%) and with a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products. Due to the imbalance in production technology, seedlings are often weakened, overgrown, with a low yield per unit area and survival rate in the field. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of PP for pre-sowing seed treatment to increase the competitiveness of seedlings in the field.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

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