scholarly journals Comparison of planting success in one-year-old spring, summer and autumn plantings of Norway spruce and Scots pine under boreal conditions

Silva Fennica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
Jaana Luoranen ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Teppo Oijala ◽  
Heli Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
One Year ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Planting Season

In Nordic countries, tree planting of seedlings is mainly performed during spring and early summer. Interest has increased in extending the planting window throughout the unfrozen growing season. This study compared the success of one-year-old spring, summer and autumn plantings in practical forestry in Norway spruce ( (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine ( L.) in southern and central Finland. Planting success was based on the number of viable seedlings per hectare relative to a species-specific target density. The influence of different factors to poor planting results were determined, including quality of site preparation and planting, and sources of natural damage. Overall, in Norway spruce, 85, 69 and 84% and in Scots pine 53, 55 and 40% of spring, summer and autumn plantings succeeded. In Norway spruce, the planting results were consistent between the southern and central regions, whereas in Scots pine, the success was slightly lower in the south. The poor work quality and a low density of appropriate planting spots, contributed to poor planting results, regardless of planting season, region or tree species. Considering different damages, especially mammal damage contributed to the failure of Scots pine spring plantings, whereas in summer plantings, corresponding single failure reason could not be identified. Based on our findings, extending the planting season of Norway spruce could be recommended in both regions. For Scots pine, there is still significant uncertainty about the success of summer and autumn plantings, partially due to the limited number of plantings available for analyses.Picea abiesPinus sylvestris

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

scholarly journals The Influence of Rooting Substrate and Growth Regulators Indol butyric Acid and Naphthalene Acetic Acid in the Number and Length of Adventitious Roots to Hardwood Cuttings in Blueberry cv. ‘Bluecrop’ (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Sabri Braha ◽  
Petrit Rama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the turf-only substrate and turf–perlite in the ratio 2:1 and of growth regulators in the quality of adventive roots ( the number and length) of well lignified one-year old branches without fruit buds in the Bluecrop cultivar (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) taken at the end of the latent period before budding at the February 15 th during the -2015 growing season. In order to support the increase of the number of roots and their length the hardwood cuttings are treated with different IBA and NAA concentrations (1500, 3000, 4500 ppm), while a part of cuttings were untreated control. The number and the length of roots have increased in relation to the increase of concentration from 1500 to 3000 ppm followed by a decline of these values in concentrations over 3000 ppm. Respectively, the number of roots (8) and the higher values of root length (4.6 cm) are achieved in the turf–perlite substrate, IBA 3000 ppm (compared to the turf-only substrate). The presence of perlite helps the aeration of the substrate and supports biochemical and physiological processes which lead to the inducing of adventive roots. Regarding the number and length of roots an important variation for (p<0.05) was observed between different concentrations of IBA and NAA. In general the effect of IBA was a lot better than the effect of NAA.

Effect of biochar amendment on the properties of growing media and growth of containerized Norway spruce, Scots pine, and silver birch seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Egle Köster ◽  
Jukka Pumpanen ◽  
Marjo Palviainen ◽  
Xuan Zhou ◽  
Kajar Köster
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Aboveground Growth ◽  
Biochar Amendment

Common practices and several studies have demonstrated the positive effect of biochar amendment on climate change mitigation, soil properties, and plant growth. We performed a greenhouse experiment to assess the potential of wood biochar to improve the properties of the growing media and the growth of seedlings in boreal tree species. We added willow biochar (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) to raw peat and measured the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings. In addition, the co-effect of biochar amendment with 0%, 50%, and 100% fertilization was estimated. We found that using up to 10% of biochar did not reduce the water retention capacity of the growing media significantly. Moreover, biochar amendment significantly increased carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus concentrations and had a significant liming effect on the growing media. The biochar amendment increased the aboveground growth of spruce seedlings and root biomass, as well as the root collar diameter, of birch seedlings. Biochar amendment did not affect the quality of seedlings, estimated by the Dickson’s quality index, for spruce and pine, while the quality of birch increased. Based on our results, biochar has potential in forest seedling production.

scholarly journals The effect of planting season on physical and chemical characteristics of local rice varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
K Fahmy ◽  
D Yanti ◽  
D A Permata
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Planting Season

Abstract The season is the time interval with the most frequent weather. The rainy season is the time when it rains a lot, while the dry season is the time when it rains a little. Planting season is one of the factors that affect the quality of the grain, which directly determines the quality of rice. This study aims to determine the effect of the growing season on the physical-chemical characteristics of rice. The sample observed was the Bujang Marantau rice (local variety) which was taken from two seasons (dry season and rainy season) in the same location, which is Nagari Singkarak, X Koto Singkarak District, Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province. The physical characteristics examined were head rice, broken rice, and groats. Chemical characteristics analyzed were amylose content determined by the IRRI method (1971). Meanwhile, water content and ash content were analyzed by the gravimetric method. In addition, fat content was determined by the Soxhlet method with Weibull modification. Furthermore, protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The results showed that the growing season did not affect the ash content, fat content, and carbohydrates of the Bujang Marantau rice, but affected the water, protein, and amylose content. Based on the quality requirements (SNI 6128:2015), Bujang Marantau rice is included in the medium quality class 1.

scholarly journals Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9479
Author(s):  
Baiba Jansone ◽  
Valters Samariks ◽  
Modris Okmanis ◽  
Dārta Kļaviņa ◽  
Dagnija Lazdiņa
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
High Doses ◽  
One Year

Wood ash recycling can be a reasonable method for energy producers to decrease waste problems. Using wood ash as a fertilizer or liming material could improve soil macro and micronutrient content in peat soils. Therefore, the effect of wood ash on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) juvenile growth and nutrient content in the soil after spreading wood ash in medium to high doses before and after planting seedlings was investigated in peat forests in the Eastern part of Latvia. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high doses of wood ash on soil properties and the growth of planted Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings up to 10 years after experiment establishment. Wood ash was applied a year before planting seedlings in doses of 5 and 10 t ha−1 and right after planting in concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1. Changes in macronutrient content (i.e., phosphorus [P], and potassium [K]) and tree height and diameter at breast height were measured at one and 10 years after establishing the experiment. Fertilization one year prior to planting the seedlings exhibited a positive response on tree height and diameter growth compared to fertilization after the seedlings were planted. Soil samples from fertilized plots one year after establishment contained more P and K in the soil than the control plots. Wood ash application of the highest doses did not reach the overdose limit, as the tree growth (height and diameter at breast height) results of fertilized plots were similar to those of the control fields; therefore, no significant negative effect on tree growth was discovered.

scholarly journals The Needles and Shoots Structure Variability of Polish Populations of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at a 50-Years-Old Provenance Experiment in Central Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Buraczyk ◽  
Marcin Czacharowski ◽  
Agata Konecka ◽  
Mirela Tulik ◽  
Henryk Szeligowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
One Year

The analysis of population variability usually concerns the adaptability of trees to changing climatic conditions and their timber production possibilities. It is already known that several phenotypic and genotypic features determine the adaptation possibilities of a population and every population of a given species may have different adaptability to climatic conditions. The assimilation apparatus is an important phenotypic feature that has a large impact on the functioning of tree organisms and their adaptability. Scots pine, which covers vast areas of Europe, is a very important species in the context of ecosystems’ sustainability preservation, especially in the era of global warming. Therefore, in our research, the inter-population and individual variability of morpho-anatomical features of shoots and needles were analyzed. Nine national origins of Scots pine (three populations each from northern, western, and central Poland), which are a part of a 50-year provenance experiment, were compared. Fragments of one-year-old shoots (5 cm long) with needles were collected from the top parts of tree crowns. An extensive analysis of the morphological parameters of the needles (length and width, density, dry mass) and the anatomical features of the shoots (thickness, the share of bark, wood, and pith) was performed. Our surveys showed that the differences between populations are much greater than between regions. The western pine populations, which have shown the highest volume of wood per ha, had the thickest shoots but the lowest dry mass. The northern populations, highly valued for the very good technical quality of wood, had thin shoots. Pine trees from central Poland had the highest density and dry mass of needles and the highest share of wood in shoots.

scholarly journals Feeding ecology of pine shoot beetles (Tomicus spp.) in tree crowns of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands under one-year outbreak

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
A. Borkowski
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pine Shoot Beetles

Studies were carried out in southern Poland during 2002–2006 in Scots pine stands under the effect of an outbreak of pine shoot beetles. The qualitative aspects of beetle feeding in tree crowns, studied on the basis of fallen shoots collected on experimental plots, are presented in this paper. The beetle numbers affected the age distribution of damaged shoots and the proportion of multiple attacks. The proportions of one-year-old shoots and the numbers of shoots with more than two attacks increased in the marginal part of the stand in the year of intensive feeding of beetles and in the subsequent year. A similar proportion of shoots with two attacks in both stands under investigations in individual study periods, with no relation to beetle numbers, does not permit to use this characteristic for forecasting purposes. The average length of tunnels in shoots attacked once reached 20 mm at maximum. The average length of tunnels (measured from the place of shoot disruption) was greater in shoots with two attacks than in shoots with a single one (<i>P</I> < 0.0001). The difference was not significant (<I>P</I> = 0.3429) only in stand B during the study season 2004–2005. The majority of the tunnels made in apical portions of shoots with two attacks damaged the tissue of apical shoots. The distance between the base of the second tunnel and the shoot apex in shoots with two attacks, and its significant (<I>P</I> < 0.01) linear relationship with the length of beetle tunnels, indicated a high nutritional quality of apical portions of shoots.

Seasonal dynamics of the radial increment of Scots pine and Norway spruce in the southern and middle boreal zones in Finland

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena M. Henttonen ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Nöjd
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Boreal Zone ◽  
Vegetation Zones

In the Finnish National Forest Inventory thousands of trees are cored every year. Based on the increment cores we assessed the progress of the radial increment in Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during the growing season. Data for 18 and 15 years were available from the southern and middle boreal zones, respectively. No major differences were found in the progress of the radial increment between either tree species or vegetation zones. In both zones, the radial increment began at approximately the same time, in late May or early June. On average, half of the annual radial increment was completed in early July, and ceased in late July or early August. However, there was large variation among years in the progress of the radial increment. On average, the radial-increment period (10%–90% of the total increment) was 41–59 days depending on tree species and region. The increment period was slightly shorter in the middle boreal zone, as increment ended 5–11 days later in the southern boreal zone. The variation of annual radial-increment indices was related to the dates of increment onset and cessation. However, increment-period length was more closely related to the differences in increment indices.

Unbalanced nutrient status and epicuticular wax of Scots pine needles

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Ylimartimo ◽  
Elina Pääkkönen ◽  
Toini Holopainen ◽  
Hannu Rita
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Electron Microscope Analysis ◽  
Scots Pine Needles

Different combinations of normal and excessive foliar levels of nitrogen and normal and deficient foliar levels of K, Mg, and Ca were induced in Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) seedlings in an experiment with a completely randomized 24 factorial design during the growing season in 1991 and 1992. For scanning electron microscope analysis of epicuticular wax, the needles were sampled from the same part of the shoot on the same seedlings in September 1991 and 1 year later. The quantity and quality of the structural epicuticular wax were estimated by five-class scales based on the wax coverage or morphology. The effects of foliar nutrients on the quantity and quality of the wax were analyzed by logistic models. The deleterious effect of unbalanced nutrition first became visible in the stomatal furrows; the changes in wax coverage and morphology were clear already one growing season after the start of the nutrient treatments. Changes in the epistomatal chambers did not become discernible until 1 year later. The effect of different nutrients on the wax was somewhat different in stomatal and in nonstomatal areas. Deficiencies of Ca and Mg significantly decreased wax coverage in both the stomatal furrows and epistomatal chambers of the needles. Coverage in the epistomatal chambers was also significantly decreased by K deficiency, N excess, and consequently increased N/K ratios. The wax morphology in both the stomatal furrows and epistomatal chambers changed from tubelike to more fused and netlike structures as a result of deficiencies of K, Mg, and Ca and consequently increased N/K, N/Mg, and N/Ca ratios.

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