Acidic atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests in the Georgia Piedmont

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1114-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna Cappellato ◽  
Norman E. Peters ◽  
Harvey L. Ragsdale
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Georgia Piedmont

The effects of acidic atmospheric deposition on leaching of base cations from the canopy and the origin of the major ions in throughfall and stemflow were evaluated in a 2-year study of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests at Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the Georgia Piedmont. In each forest, the NO3− and SO42− in throughfall and stemflow were derived primarily from atmospheric deposition, whereas the base cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were derived primarily from canopy leaching. Acidic atmospheric deposition was partially neutralized in each forest. Exchange of H+ with base cations appeared to be the major mechanism for the neutralization of atmospheric acidity by the deciduous canopy. Major neutralization mechanisms could not be differentiated in the coniferous canopy. Base-cation leaching accounted for 86% of the base cations in throughfall and stemflow in the deciduous forest and 69% in the coniferous forest. Exchange with H+ accounted for about 30% of base cations in throughfall in the deciduous forest, whereas it could not be clearly estimated in coniferous throughfall. The current level of acidic atmospheric deposition is hypothesized to have caused an increased leaching of base cations of the deciduous canopy, but methods were insufficient to determine its effect on the coniferous canopy.

scholarly journals On Estimating Wet Canopy Evaporation from Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in the Asian Monsoon Climate

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 950-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minseok Kang ◽  
Hyojung Kwon ◽  
Jung Hwa Cheon ◽  
Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Monsoon Climate ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Infiltration Capacity

Abstract Continuous and direct measurement of evapotranspiration (ET) by the eddy covariance (EC) technique is still a challenge under monsoon climate because of a considerable amount of missing data during the long rainy periods and the consequential gap-filling process. Under such wet canopy conditions, especially in forests, evaporation of the intercepted precipitation (EWC) contributes significantly to the total ET. To quantify the role of EWC, leaf wetness has been measured at multiple levels in the canopy simultaneously with eddy covariance measurements at the KoFlux Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous forests for the entire year from September 2007 to August 2008. In this study, the measured EWC and the controlling mechanism during the wet canopy conditions have been scrutinized. Based on the evaluation of the four different algorithms of EWC estimation, that of the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface model (LSM) has been adopted. All the missing EWC data are then recalculated by using the algorithm of VIC LSM and compared against the traditionally gap-filled EWC data based on the modified lookup table (MLT) method. The latter consistently underestimated EWC on average by 39% in deciduous forest and by 28% in coniferous forest. Major causes of such differences were due to the failure of considering aerodynamic coupling, advection of sensible heat, and heat storage in the MLT-based gap-filling method. Accordingly, a new gap-filling strategy for EWC is proposed that takes proper controlling mechanisms into account.

Atmospheric deposition versus rock weathering in the control of streamwater chemistry in a tropical rain-forest catchment in Malaysian Borneo

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Yamashita ◽  
Hiroyuki Sase ◽  
Ryo Kobayashi ◽  
Kok-Peng Leong ◽  
Jamil Mohd Hanapi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Ion Fluxes ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Streamwater Chemistry

Abstract:Uncertainty about the H+ buffering capacity in tropical rain forest limits our ability to predict the future effect of anthropogenic deposition on the streamwater chemistry. Export of major ions to the stream and the ion-fluxes via rainfall, throughfall, litter-leachate and soil-water pathways were observed to examine the source of streamwater nutrients in a small catchment in Sabah, Malaysia. The streamwater and the ion-fluxes were measured for 3.75 and 2 y, respectively, by collecting water twice a month and setting ion-exchange-resin columns. Streamwater pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.6 and was not sensitive to water discharge controlling base cations. The NO3−-N, Ca2+ and Mg2+ fluxes were low in atmospheric depositions (0.6, 0.5 and 0.3 kg ha−1 y−1, respectively) and markedly increased in the litter layer. The NO3−-N flux decreased drastically from subsoil (70 kg ha−1 y−1) to the stream (1.4 kg ha−1 y−1) whereas the Ca2+ and Mg2+ fluxes were not different between subsoil (38 and 18 kg ha−1 y−1) and stream (30 and 15 kg ha−1 y−1). Neutral pH in tropical streams was mainly due to the base cation leaching with deep chemical weathering in deeper strata, and a rapid decrease in NO3− leaching from the subsoil to the stream.

Frequency and diversity of ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic macrofungi in the Laurentide Mountains of Quebec

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2616-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normand Villeneuve ◽  
Miroslav M. Grandtner ◽  
J. André Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Saprophytic Fungi

Total macro fungus frequency in closed forest associations of the Laurentide Mountains varied little (147 – 185 %) from one to another. The macrofungal flora of the deciduous forest was composed mainly of many infrequent species, whereas coniferous forests had few, but very frequent, macrofungi. Total frequency was significantly lower (15%) in open stands of the spruce–cladina association. Species richness decreased gradually (from 125 to 34 species) towards the north and with increasing altitude. Both the Simpson and the Shannon–Wiener diversity indices were significantly lower in the coniferous forest when compared with the deciduous forest. This decrease in diversity was due to the scarcity of saprophytic fungi in mor humus, whereas the number of ectomycorrhizal species remained constant. The diversity of saprophytic fungi was related significantly to that of vascular plants, whereas the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi was related mainly to the percent cover of ectomycorrhizal hosts. A total of 195 species of macrofungi were recorded for the study sites. In the maple – yellow birch forest, most of the macrofungi were saprophytic members of the Tricholomataceae, Hygrophoraceae, Strophariaceae, and Clavariaceae, many being exclusive in this association. However, each biological group had approximately equal frequency (44–54%) and richness (37–45 taxa). Species composition of the coniferous forest differed from the former in the clear dominance of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi from the Cortinariaceae, Russulaceae, and the Boletaceae. In the black spruce – cladina association, saprophytic fungi were scarce and ectomycorrhizal species were also relatively infrequent. In all the sites, the equitability of macrofungal frequency was high, as seen by the high proportion of rare species. The decline in species richness observed in this study, when moving from deciduous to coniferous forests, corresponds well with the increase in environmental rigor and instability, as well as the decrease in the diversity of organic substrate and species of vascular plants.

Base cation leaching from the canopy of a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1156-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng-Chiu Lin ◽  
Steven P Hamburg ◽  
Yue-Joe Hsia ◽  
Hen-Biau King ◽  
Lih-Jih Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Subtropical Forest ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Subtropical Forests ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Temperate Deciduous Forests

We examined base cation leaching from the canopy of a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. The forest is characterized by extremely low levels of base cations in both canopy vegetation and in the soils. The rates of canopy leaching of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were very high, representing up to 30, 35, and 190%, respectively, of the amount stored in leaves. The rate of H+ retention in the canopy was close to the rate of base cation leaching, suggesting that cation leaching is neutralizing acid precipitation. The subtropical forest studied leached cations from the canopy throughout the year, unlike temperate deciduous forests, which are physiologically inert in the winter. The forest canopy of the subtropical forest we studied is impacted by acid deposition and fog throughout the winter because of frequent rainfall and high relative humidity. This continuous exposure to acid precipitation could cause more intense negative effects on the canopy of subtropical forests as compared with temperate forests exposed to similar pollution loads. We suggest that the low base status of subtropical forests growing on low base status soils may make them very vulnerable to the negative effects of air pollution.

The effects of acidic deposition on cation leaching from three deciduous forest canopies

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Lovett ◽  
Steven E. Lindberg ◽  
Daniel D. Richter ◽  
Dale W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Charge Balance ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Deposition Effect ◽  
A Charge

Canopy leaching or retention of all major ions was determined for three deciduous forests in eastern Tennessee that are currently receiving wet and dry acidic deposition. For all three canopies, the retention of atmospherically deposited cations (H+ and [Formula: see text]) exceeded retention of deposited anions [Formula: see text] on a charge-equivalent basis. Charge balance was maintained by ion exchange between the deposited cations and K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ on the canopy surfaces. It was found that 40–60% of the leaching of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ from these canopies results from this exchange process, with the remainder attributable to coleaching with plant-derived anions. Because the cation exchange can be largely attributed to retention of deposited H+, we interpret it as a measure of the acidic deposition effect on foliar cation leaching. Dry deposition was found to be an important input for most of the major cations and anions. The data indicate that organic anions may be important counter ions to cation leaching, especially in the absence of acidic deposition, and that acid–base reactions in the canopy can obscure the true H+-exchange reactions between the deposition and the canopy.

Interactions of atmospheric deposition with a mixed hardwood and a coniferous forest canopy at the Lake Clair Watershed (Duchesnay, Quebec)

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1944-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Houle ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Raynald Paquin ◽  
Jean-Guy Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Canopy Exchange ◽  
Wet Precipitation

From 1989 to 1996, ion deposition in precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow were measured under a deciduous and a coniferous stand, located in the Lake Clair Watershed, during the growing and the dormant seasons. During the growing season, throughfall deposition under both stands was significantly depleted in H+ and NH4+ compared with wet deposition, and a significant uptake of NO3- was observed under the coniferous canopy. Deposition of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, and SO42- was significantly higher in the throughfall than in the wet precipitation. During the growing season, the coniferous stand was more efficient in retaining nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-), while H+ was more intensively retained in the deciduous stand. Significant interactions between precipitation and forest canopies were also observed during the dormant season: throughfall depositions of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, and Cl- were significantly higher than wet precipitation under both canopies, while throughfall SO42- was significantly enriched only under the coniferous stand. Using a Na+ ratio method, foliar leaching was found mostly responsible for the throughfall enrichment on a full-year basis in both stands, with values averaging 61, 73, and 96% of the total throughfall fluxes for Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, respectively. Under both stands, net canopy exchange (NCE) of base cations, expressed on a monthly basis, were correlated to water volume and to H+ and SO42- deposition. Multiple regression models including wet SO42- deposition and an estimate of dry S deposition, explained up to 88% (Ca2+ in the coniferous stand) of the variance in base cation NCE under both stands.

scholarly journals Nitrate role in basic cation leaching under no-till

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1975-1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Rodrigo Arroyo Garcia ◽  
Gustavo Spadotti Amaral Castro ◽  
Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Especially under no-tillage, subsuface soil acidity has been a problem, because it depends on base leaching, which has been associated with the presence of low molecular weigth organic acids and companion anions. The objective of this study was to evaluate exchangeable base cation leaching as affected by surface liming along with annual urea side-dressing of maize and upland rice. Treatments consisted of four lime rates (0, 1500, 3000, and 6000 kg ha-1) combined with four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) applied to maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa), in two consecutive years. Maize was planted in December, three months after liming. In September of the following year, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was planted without fertilization and desiccated 86 days after plant emergence. Afterwards, upland rice was grown. Immediately after upland rice harvest, 18 months after surface liming, pH and N-NO3-, N-NH4+, K, Ca, and Mg levels were evaluated in soil samples taken from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Higher maize yields were obtained at higher N rates and 3000 kg ha-1 lime. Better results for upland rice and pearl millet yields were also obtained with this lime rate, irrespective of N levels. The vertical mobility of K, Ca and Mg was higher in the soil profiles with N fertilization. Surface liming increased pH in the upper soil layers causing intense nitrate production, which was leached along with the base cations.

Lake Superior Atmospheric Wet Deposition 1980-1983

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376
Author(s):  
C. H. Chan ◽  
L. H. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Relative Accuracy ◽  
Lake Chemistry ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Wet Precipitation ◽  
Percentage Basis ◽  
Nitrogen Loadings

Abstract Wet deposition estimates were computed from monthly wet precipitation samples collected in the Lake Superior Basin. Sulphate and nitrogen loadings from wet precipitation corresponded to 142 and 40 thousand tonnes per year. On a percentage basis, wet deposition of sulphate and nitrogen accounted for 21% and 54%, respectively, of the total load. Atmospheric sources for other major ions ranged from 1 to 10%. Atmospheric deposition at the eastern end of Lake Superior was higher than the western end of the Basin. The relative accuracy of these estimates were examined in relation to the changes in lake chemistry in Lake Superior from 1973 to 1983.

scholarly journals Current, steady-state and historical weathering rates of base cations at two forest sites in northern and southern Sweden: a comparison of three methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Casetou-Gustafson ◽  
Harald Grip ◽  
Stephen Hillier ◽  
Sune Linder ◽  
Bengt A. Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Weathering Rate ◽  
Weathering Rates ◽  
Forest Sites

Abstract. Reliable and accurate methods for estimating soil mineral weathering rates are required tools in evaluating the sustainability of increased harvesting of forest biomass and assessments of critical loads of acidity. A variety of methods that differ in concept, temporal and spatial scale, and data requirements are available for measuring weathering rates. In this study, causes of discrepancies in weathering rates between methods were analysed and were classified as being either conceptual (inevitable) or random. The release rates of base cations (BCs; Ca, Mg, K, Na) by weathering were estimated in podzolised glacial tills at two experimental forest sites, Asa and Flakaliden, in southern and northern Sweden, respectively. Three different methods were used: (i) historical weathering since deglaciation estimated by the depletion method, using Zr as the assumed inert reference; (ii) steady-state weathering rate estimated with the PROFILE model, based on quantitative analysis of soil mineralogy; and (iii) BC budget at stand scale, using measured deposition, leaching and changes in base cation stocks in biomass and soil over a period of 12 years. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon historical weathering of BCs was 10.6 and 34.1 mmolc m−2 yr−1, at Asa and Flakaliden, respectively. Corresponding values of PROFILE weathering rates were 37.1 and 42.7 mmolc m−2 yr−1. The PROFILE results indicated that steady-state weathering rate increased with soil depth as a function of exposed mineral surface area, reaching a maximum rate at 80 cm (Asa) and 60 cm (Flakaliden). In contrast, the depletion method indicated that the largest postglacial losses were in upper soil horizons, particularly at Flakaliden. With the exception of Mg and Ca in shallow soil horizons, PROFILE produced higher weathering rates than the depletion method, particularly of K and Na in deeper soil horizons. The lower weathering rates of the depletion method were partly explained by natural and anthropogenic variability in Zr gradients. The base cation budget approach produced significantly higher weathering rates of BCs, 134.6 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Asa and 73.2 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Flakaliden, due to high rates estimated for the nutrient elements Ca, Mg and K, whereas weathering rates were lower and similar to those for the depletion method (6.6 and 2.2 mmolc m−2 yr−1 at Asa and Flakaliden). The large discrepancy in weathering rates for Ca, Mg and K between the base cation budget approach and the other methods suggests additional sources for tree uptake in the soil not captured by measurements.

The long-term impact of low-intensity surface fires on litter decomposition and enzyme activities in boreal coniferous forests

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajar Köster ◽  
Frank Berninger ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Aki Lindén ◽  
Egle Köster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Fire Disturbance ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Long Term Impact

In boreal forest ecosystems fire, fungi and bacteria, and their interactions, have a pronounced effect on soil carbon dynamics. In this study we measured enzymatic activities, litter decomposition rates, carbon stocks and fungal and microbial biomasses in a boreal subarctic coniferous forest on a four age classes of non-stand replacing fire chronosequence (2, 42, 60 and 152 years after the fire). The results show that microbial activity recovered slowly after fire and the decomposition of new litter was affected by the disturbance. The percent mass loss of Scots pine litter increased with time from the last fire. Slow litter decomposition during the first post-fire years accelerates soil organic matter accumulation that is essential for the recovery of soil biological activities. Fire reduced the enzymatic activity across all the enzyme types measured. Carbon-degrading, chitin-degrading and phosphorus-dissolving enzymes showed different responses with the time elapsed since the fire disturbance. Microbial and enzymatic activity took decades before recovering to the levels observed in old forest stands. Our study demonstrates that slower post-fire litter decomposition has a pronounced impact on the recovery of soil organic matter following forest fires in northern boreal coniferous forests.

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