Frequency and diversity of ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic macrofungi in the Laurentide Mountains of Quebec

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2616-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normand Villeneuve ◽  
Miroslav M. Grandtner ◽  
J. André Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Saprophytic Fungi

Total macro fungus frequency in closed forest associations of the Laurentide Mountains varied little (147 – 185 %) from one to another. The macrofungal flora of the deciduous forest was composed mainly of many infrequent species, whereas coniferous forests had few, but very frequent, macrofungi. Total frequency was significantly lower (15%) in open stands of the spruce–cladina association. Species richness decreased gradually (from 125 to 34 species) towards the north and with increasing altitude. Both the Simpson and the Shannon–Wiener diversity indices were significantly lower in the coniferous forest when compared with the deciduous forest. This decrease in diversity was due to the scarcity of saprophytic fungi in mor humus, whereas the number of ectomycorrhizal species remained constant. The diversity of saprophytic fungi was related significantly to that of vascular plants, whereas the diversity of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi was related mainly to the percent cover of ectomycorrhizal hosts. A total of 195 species of macrofungi were recorded for the study sites. In the maple – yellow birch forest, most of the macrofungi were saprophytic members of the Tricholomataceae, Hygrophoraceae, Strophariaceae, and Clavariaceae, many being exclusive in this association. However, each biological group had approximately equal frequency (44–54%) and richness (37–45 taxa). Species composition of the coniferous forest differed from the former in the clear dominance of ectomycorrhizal macrofungi from the Cortinariaceae, Russulaceae, and the Boletaceae. In the black spruce – cladina association, saprophytic fungi were scarce and ectomycorrhizal species were also relatively infrequent. In all the sites, the equitability of macrofungal frequency was high, as seen by the high proportion of rare species. The decline in species richness observed in this study, when moving from deciduous to coniferous forests, corresponds well with the increase in environmental rigor and instability, as well as the decrease in the diversity of organic substrate and species of vascular plants.

scholarly journals On Estimating Wet Canopy Evaporation from Deciduous and Coniferous Forests in the Asian Monsoon Climate

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 950-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minseok Kang ◽  
Hyojung Kwon ◽  
Jung Hwa Cheon ◽  
Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Monsoon Climate ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Infiltration Capacity

Abstract Continuous and direct measurement of evapotranspiration (ET) by the eddy covariance (EC) technique is still a challenge under monsoon climate because of a considerable amount of missing data during the long rainy periods and the consequential gap-filling process. Under such wet canopy conditions, especially in forests, evaporation of the intercepted precipitation (EWC) contributes significantly to the total ET. To quantify the role of EWC, leaf wetness has been measured at multiple levels in the canopy simultaneously with eddy covariance measurements at the KoFlux Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous forests for the entire year from September 2007 to August 2008. In this study, the measured EWC and the controlling mechanism during the wet canopy conditions have been scrutinized. Based on the evaluation of the four different algorithms of EWC estimation, that of the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface model (LSM) has been adopted. All the missing EWC data are then recalculated by using the algorithm of VIC LSM and compared against the traditionally gap-filled EWC data based on the modified lookup table (MLT) method. The latter consistently underestimated EWC on average by 39% in deciduous forest and by 28% in coniferous forest. Major causes of such differences were due to the failure of considering aerodynamic coupling, advection of sensible heat, and heat storage in the MLT-based gap-filling method. Accordingly, a new gap-filling strategy for EWC is proposed that takes proper controlling mechanisms into account.

Acidic atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests in the Georgia Piedmont

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1114-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna Cappellato ◽  
Norman E. Peters ◽  
Harvey L. Ragsdale
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Georgia Piedmont

The effects of acidic atmospheric deposition on leaching of base cations from the canopy and the origin of the major ions in throughfall and stemflow were evaluated in a 2-year study of adjacent deciduous and coniferous forests at Panola Mountain Research Watershed in the Georgia Piedmont. In each forest, the NO3− and SO42− in throughfall and stemflow were derived primarily from atmospheric deposition, whereas the base cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ were derived primarily from canopy leaching. Acidic atmospheric deposition was partially neutralized in each forest. Exchange of H+ with base cations appeared to be the major mechanism for the neutralization of atmospheric acidity by the deciduous canopy. Major neutralization mechanisms could not be differentiated in the coniferous canopy. Base-cation leaching accounted for 86% of the base cations in throughfall and stemflow in the deciduous forest and 69% in the coniferous forest. Exchange with H+ accounted for about 30% of base cations in throughfall in the deciduous forest, whereas it could not be clearly estimated in coniferous throughfall. The current level of acidic atmospheric deposition is hypothesized to have caused an increased leaching of base cations of the deciduous canopy, but methods were insufficient to determine its effect on the coniferous canopy.

scholarly journals Species richness and distribution of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) in an agricultural environment in SE Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimmo Saarinen ◽  
Olli Marttila ◽  
Juha Jantunen
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Field Margins ◽  
Agricultural Environment ◽  
Arable Field ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Occurrence Of Species

A five-year follow-up study was carried out to assess the species richness, adult flight period and distribution of butterflies in an agricultural environment in southeastern Finland in the years 1991-1995. Butterflies were monitored once a week from early May to late September on a 2.5-km field boundary transect. During 107 counts, a total of 49 species and 6 112 individuals were observed. More than half of all individuals (56%) were observed in July. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that the occurrence of species was related to three habitat types, classified as field margins dividing arable field and coniferous forest, arable field and deciduous forest and two arable fields. Species richness was higher in field margins near forests than in margins between two fields.

scholarly journals Effects of reindeer density on vascular plant diversity on North Scandinavian mountains

Rangifer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Olofsson ◽  
Lauri Oksanen
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Mountain Chain

We studied the effects of reindeer grazing on species richness and diversity of vascular plants on dolomite influenced low alpine sites in the species rich northern part of the Scandes using 8 sites with different reindeer densities. Two sites were situated inside Malla Strict Nature Reserve, where reindeer grazing have been totally prohibited since 1981, and strongly restricted since 1950s. The six other sites were located in other species rich hotspot sites standardized to be as similar to the dolomite-influenced sites in Malla Strict Reserve as possible but varying in reindeer densities commonly found in the Fennoscandian mountain chain. Each site with a habitat complex especially rich in rare vascular plants (the Dryas heath – low herb meadow complex) was systematically sampled in four plots of 2 m x 10 m. The plots were divided to 20 squares of 1 m x 1 m, and complete species lists of vascular plants were compiled for each of the squares. The first DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) axis was strongly related to an index of reindeer grazing, indicating that grazing has a strong impact on the composition of the vegetation. None of the characteristics indices of biodiversity (species richness, evenness or Shannon-Wiener H’) was correlated with reindeer density. The local abundances of categories consisting of relatively rare plants (Ca favored plants and red listed plants of Finland) showed significant, positive correlation with the intensity of reindeer grazing. We conclude that even though the density of reindeer has no influence on the total species richness or diversity of vascular plants, reindeer may still be important for regional biodiversity as it seems to favour rare and threatened plants. Moreover, our results imply that standard diversity indices may have limited value in the context of conservation biology, as these indices are equally influenced by rarities and by trivial species.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Vi studerade hur renbete påverkar kärlväxtflorans artrikedom och diversitet på dolomitpåverkade lågalpina lokaler i de artrikaste delarna av norra Fennoskandien. Vi inventerade 8 lokaler med olika rentätheter. Två lokaler ligger inom Malla Nationalpark, där renar har varit förbjudna sedan 1981 och starkt begränsade sedan 1950-talet. De sex andra lokalerna ligger i andra artrika områden med samma dolomitdominerade berggrund, men är betade av renar. Rentätheterna vid de studerade lokalerna varierar från helt obefintligt till bland de högsta rentätheter man kan finna i Fennoskandien. Inventeringen utfördes genom att systematiskt undersöka fyra 2 m x 10 m stora ytor i varje lokal i en habitattyp som är speciellt rik i ovanliga kärlväxter (fjällsippehed-lågörtsäng komplex). Varje yta delades upp i 20 småytor (1 m x 1 m), och en total artlista upprättades för var och en av dessa småytor. Den första axeln i DCA (detrended correspondence analyses) analysen korrelerade med rentätheten. Det visar att renar påverkar sammansättningen av växtsamhället. Ingen av de vanliga måtten på biodiversitet (artrikedom eller Shannon-Wiener diversitetsindex) var korrelerade med rentätheten. Trots detta, var tätheterna av Ca-gynnade växter och arter rödlistade i Finland positivt korrelerade med rentätheten. Trots att renarna inte påverkade totala artrikedommen, kan de vara betydelsefulla för regionala biodiversiteten eftersom de gynnar ovanliga och hotade arter. De vanliga måtten på biodiversitet har begränsat värde för bevarandebiologiska frågeställningar, eftersom de är lika känsliga för ovanliga och vanliga arter.

Differentiation of new coenomorph in context of the Belgard’s ecomorph system development

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Baranovski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
System Development ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Ecological Scales ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Levels

Nowadays, bioecological characteristics of species are the basis for flora and vegetation studying on the different levels. Bioecological characteristics of species is required in process of flora studying on the different levels such as biotopes or phytocenoses, floras of particular areas (floras of ecologically homogeneous habitats), and floras of certain territories. Ramensky scale is the one of first detailed ecological scales on plant species ordination in relation to various environmental factors; it developed in 1938 (Ramensky, 1971). A little later (1941), Pogrebnyak’s scale of forest stands was proposed. Ellenberg’s system developed in 1950 (Ellenberg, 1979) and Tsyganov’s system (Tsyganov, 1975) are best known as the systems of ecological scales on vascular plant species; these systems represent of habitat detection by ecotopic ecomorphs of plant species (phytoindication). Basically, the system proposed by Alexander Lyutsianovich Belgard was the one of first system of plant species that identiified ectomorphs in relation to environmental factors. As early as 1950, Belgard developed the tabulated system of ecomorphs using the Latin ecomorphs abbreviation; he also used the terminology proposed in the late 19th century by Dekandol (1956) and Warming (1903), as well as terminology of other authors. The article analyzes the features of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs on vascular plants. It has certain significance and advantages over other systems of ecomorphs. The use of abbreviated Latin names of ecomorphs in tabular form enables the use shortened form of ones. In the working scheme of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs relation of species to environmental factors are represented in the abbreviated Latin alphabetic version (Belgard, 1950). Combined into table, the ecomorphic analysis of plant species within association (ecological certification of species), biotope or area site (water area) gives an explicit pattern on ecological structure of flora within surveyed community, biotope or landscape, and on environmental conditions. Development and application by Belgrard the cenomorphs as «species’ adaptation to phytocenosis as a whole» were completely new in the development of systems of ecomorphs and, in this connection, different coenomorphs were distinguished. Like any concept, the system of ecomorphs by Belgard has the possibility and necessity to be developed and added. Long-time researches and analysis of literature sources allow to propose a new coenomorph in the context of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs development: silvomargoant (species of forest margin, from the Latin words margo – edge, boundary (Dvoretsky, 1976), margo – margin, ad margins silvarum – along the deciduous forest margins). As an example of ecomorphic characterization of species according to the system of ecomorphs by Belgard (when the abbreviated Latin ecomorph names are used in tabular form and the proposed cenomorph is used), it was given the part of the table on vascular plants ecomorphs in the National Nature Park «Orelsky» (Baranovsky et al). The Belgard’s system of ecomorphs is particularly convenient and can be successfully applied to data processing in the ecological analysis of the flora on wide areas with significant species richness, and the proposed ecomorph will be another necessary element in the Belgard’s system of ecomorphs. 

Distribution Patterns and Climatic Explanations of Species Richness of Vascular Plants in Xinjiang, China

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-ping LI ◽  
Nurbay Abdusalih ◽  
Shao-peng WANG ◽  
Zhi-heng WANG ◽  
Zhi-yao TANG
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Distribution Patterns

Aquatic and semi aquatic Hemiptera community of Sonebeel, the largest wetland of Assam, northeastern India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 12792-12799
Author(s):  
Anupama Saha ◽  
Susmita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Northeastern India ◽  
Ecological Roles

Aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera bugs play significant ecological roles, and they are important indicators and pest control agents.  Little information is currently available concerning its populations in southern Assam.  This study assessed hemipterans in four sites of Sonebeel, the largest wetland in Assam (3458.12 ha at full storage level), situated in Karimganj District.  The major inflow and outflow of the wetland are the rivers Singla and Kachua, respectively (the Kachua drains into the Kushiyara River).  Samples were trapped with pond nets and were seasonally recorded.  This study recorded a total of 28 species of aquatic and semiaquatic hemipterans belonging to 20 genera under nine families.  Population, geographical and environmental data (e.g., rainfall) were used to assess the relative abundance of species, species richness and different diversity indices, and species distribution. 

The long-term impact of low-intensity surface fires on litter decomposition and enzyme activities in boreal coniferous forests

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajar Köster ◽  
Frank Berninger ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Aki Lindén ◽  
Egle Köster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Fire Disturbance ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Long Term Impact

In boreal forest ecosystems fire, fungi and bacteria, and their interactions, have a pronounced effect on soil carbon dynamics. In this study we measured enzymatic activities, litter decomposition rates, carbon stocks and fungal and microbial biomasses in a boreal subarctic coniferous forest on a four age classes of non-stand replacing fire chronosequence (2, 42, 60 and 152 years after the fire). The results show that microbial activity recovered slowly after fire and the decomposition of new litter was affected by the disturbance. The percent mass loss of Scots pine litter increased with time from the last fire. Slow litter decomposition during the first post-fire years accelerates soil organic matter accumulation that is essential for the recovery of soil biological activities. Fire reduced the enzymatic activity across all the enzyme types measured. Carbon-degrading, chitin-degrading and phosphorus-dissolving enzymes showed different responses with the time elapsed since the fire disturbance. Microbial and enzymatic activity took decades before recovering to the levels observed in old forest stands. Our study demonstrates that slower post-fire litter decomposition has a pronounced impact on the recovery of soil organic matter following forest fires in northern boreal coniferous forests.

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