Frost, canker, and dieback of Douglas-fir in the central interior of British Columbia

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Reich ◽  
Bart J. van der Kamp
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Canker Pathogens

The relationships between dieback severity of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), growing-season frosts, and invasion by canker pathogens in plantations >10 years old in central British Columbia are described. The coincidence of frosts and dieback events was determined by dissection and by mapping dieback damage in arid around frost pockets. Putative canker pathogens were isolated from bark and fruiting bodies. The timing of significant dieback events coincided with major growing-season frosts, as determined by the formation of frost rings. Damage was most severe in shallow depressions and valley bottoms. Early flushing trees were more severely affected than late flushing trees in two of three plantations. Seven weak canker parasites were isolated from dead Douglas-fir bark. Among these, Sclerophomasemenospora Funk was restricted to tissues killed by frost or other factors, while Leucocytosporakunzei (Fr.:Fr.) Munk and a Sirodothis sp. accounted for about 65% of isolates from recently killed bark. Outside frost prone areas, these fungi were common as small latent branch cankers, but caused no further discernable damage. Areas of high dieback hazard could be identified from topographic features seen on aerial photographs. Of the area of Douglas-fir plantations >10 years old, 4.7% was severely damaged by dieback. It is recommended that lodgepole pine (Pinusconforta Dougl.) be planted in frost-prone areas.

Stand growth responses after fertilization for thinned lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and spruce in forests of interior British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1482
Author(s):  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Bianca N.I. Eskelson ◽  
Louise de Montigny ◽  
Catherine A. Bealle Statland ◽  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Responses

This study was conducted to quantify growth responses of three major commercial conifer species (lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and spruce (white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière))) to various fertilizer blends in interior British Columbia, Canada. Over 25 years, growth-response data were repeatedly collected across 46 installations. The fertilizer blends were classified into three groups: nitrogen only; nitrogen and sulfur combined; and nitrogen, sulfur, and boron combined. The growth responses for stand volume, basal area, and top height were calculated through absolute and relative growth rate ratios relative to a controlled group. Fertilizer blend, inverse years since fertilization, site index, stand density at fertilization, and their interactions with the fertilizer blend were used as explanatory variables. The magnitude and significance of volume and basal area growth responses to fertilization differed by species, fertilizer-blend groups, and stand-condition variables (i.e., site index and stand density). In contrast, the response in top height growth did not differ among fertilization blends, with the exception of the nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer subgroup for lodgepole pine. The models developed in this study will be incorporated into the current growth and yield fertilization module (i.e., Table Interpolation Program for Stand Yields (TIPSY)), thereby supporting guidance of fertilization applications in interior forests in British Columbia.

DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) IN SEED ORCHARDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzie E. Blatt ◽  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis

AbstractLeptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is considered to be an important cone and seed pest in seed orchards in British Columbia; however, no impact studies have been done in Canada. Surveys to determine the distribution of L. occidentalis were conducted over a 3-year period in three coastal seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and over a 2-year period in two seed orchards of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Leptoglossus occidentalis was found to distribute itself in patches, coinciding with a clonal preference. Seed losses were assessed for 2 years in the coastal Douglas-fir orchards and for 1 year in one lodgepole pine orchard. The percentages of partially filled seed that could have been caused by feeding of L. occidentalis or by a number of other factors were < 5% in coastal Douglas-fir for both 1992 and 1993 and ~14% in lodgepole pine in 1993. Apparently because populations of L. occidentalis were low, there was no correlation between the percentage of partially filled seed and number of insects per tree. Except in unusual circumstances, management measures in Canada are judged not to be necessary as populations of L. occidentalis are consistently below the calculated threshold levels required to cause ≥5% loss in seed production.

Tree species selection revisited for plantations in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of southern British Columbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (03) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vyse ◽  
Michelle R. Cleary ◽  
Ian R. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Western White Pine

We provide results from two trials comparing performance of species of known provenance planted on logged sites in the southern Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone of southern British Columbia 20 and 26 years after establishment. The commonly used plantation species, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), interior spruce (a naturally occurring hybrid between Picea glauca and P. engelmannii) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), survived as well as, but grew more slowly than, western larch (Larix occidentalis), western white pine (Pinus monticola) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and faster than western redcedar (Thuja plicata). Site index values were generally higher than published values for similar sites. Numerous pests affected all species in the trials. Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) caused heavy mortality in lodgepole pine in part of one trial, and Armillaria root disease caused widespread damage to western larch and Douglas-fir in the other trial. Western white pine from local seed sources were severely damaged by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) in both trials but a rust-resistant seed source used in one trial survived better. Frost damage reduced survival and growth of Douglas-fir in one trial and may have affected western white pine. Survival of two planted broadleaves (Betula papyrifera) and a hybrid of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and black poplar (Populus nigra) was severely reduced by drought. The results support ongoing efforts to broaden the number of species used in British Columbia reforestation programs.

scholarly journals Intra-Seasonal Changes in Height to Diameter Ratios for Lodgepole Pine in the Central Interior of British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Opio ◽  
Kona van Diest ◽  
Norman Jacob
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Height to diameter ratio (HDR) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional procedures for assessing competition between crop trees and other vegetation. Yet HDRs vary throughout the growing season due to variations in the rate of change in height and diameter. There is an interest, therefore, in determining variations in HDR within a growing season (intra-seasonal changes) and the time of the year when measurements of HDR should be taken for operational purposes. HDR measurements were taken on five occasions at two lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) sites in the central interior of British Columbia, from early May to late October through the 1999 growing season. Although the focus of the article is the investigation of intra-seasonal changes in HDR, we also compared August 1999 measurements with August 1998 measurements to determine the variation in HDR between growing seasons (inter-seasonal change). The study involved a completely randomized, one-factor experimental design, with replication over time. The removal of competing vegetation (known as brushing) was the factor. The design consisted of four levels of brushing, replicated three times on each study site. The results indicated that HDRs increased from early May to July and then decreased until October to levels equal to or lower than those obtained in August 1998. The highest HDR values were observed in control plots. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures indicated that treatment (brushing radius) and date of HDR measurement had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the intra-seasonal changes in HDR. The results suggest that HDR measurements should be taken either after mid-August, or before mid-May when changes in HDR are negligible. West. J. Appl. For.18(1):52–59.

scholarly journals RELATIVE QUALITY OF THE MAJOR FOREST ASSOCIATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN B.C. INTERIOR FOR GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE, ENGELMANN SPRUCE, DOUGLAS-FIR AND ALPINE FIR

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Stanek
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Relative Quality

Height growth of lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir and alpine fir was investigated in the Douglas-fir and Engelmann Spruce-Alpine Fir Zones of the Interior of British Columbia. In the same forest association each species has a characteristic site index at the age of 100 years (SI/100). Regression equations were calculated for predicting SI/100 of several species in different associations. Regression equations were also developed for estimating SI/100 of Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir and alpine fir from known SI/100 of lodgepole pine. The latter species was selected because of its common occurrence in the two zones. In addition regression equation was calculated for predicting SI/100 of lodgepole pine from known SI/100 of Engelmann spruce. All regression equations apply to naturally established stands in the study area.

Changes in stand structure in uneven-aged lodgepole pine stands impacted by mountain pine beetle epidemics and fires in central British Columbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi N. Axelson ◽  
René I. Alfaro ◽  
Brad C. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Stands

We examined the development of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in uneven-aged stands in the Interior Douglasfir (IDF) biogeoclimatic zone of central of British Columbia (B.C.), which are currently undergoing a massive outbreak of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; MPB). Using historical ecological approaches, dendrochronology, and stand measurement data, we determined the roles MPB and fire disturbances have played in the ecological processes of lodgepole pine in an Interior Douglas-fir zone. We found that multiple mixed-severity fires created patchy uneven-aged stands dominated by lodgepole pine. Since fire suppression in the 20th century, multiple MPB disturbances have maintained the structural complexity of the stands and favoured regeneration of lodgepole pine in the understory despite the absence of fire, resulting in self-perpetuating multi-age lodgepole pine stands. Analysis of the stand structures remaining after multiple MPB outbreaks showed that, even with high overstory mortality, the sample stands contained several MPB-initiated cohorts, consisting of younger and smaller-diameter lodgepole pine. These surviving lodgepole pine layers, which are less susceptible to beetle, will provide important ecological legacies, and could play an important role in the mid-term timber supply chain. We concluded that, in the absence of fire, the MPB plays a more frequent role in directing stand dynamics and structure in uneven-aged lodgepole pine stands resulting in selfperpetuating complex stands in the central interior. We compared and contrasted these findings with those obtained in “even-aged” lodgepole pine stands, also in the Interior Douglas-fir zone in the southern interior, which were investigated in an earlier study. Key words: lodgepole pine, mountain pine beetle, dendroecology, complex stands, mixed-severity fire regime

OBSERVATIONS ON FOLIAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEVERAL CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Beaton ◽  
A. Moss ◽  
I. MacRae ◽  
J. W. Konkin ◽  
W. P. T. McGhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur in needles of alpine fir, amabilis fir, western red cedar, Douglas fir, western hemlock, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce and Sitka spruce trees growing in a number of areas of British Columbia was determined.Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of alpine fir seedlings was 1.05-1.85, 0.18-0.26, 0.70-1.08, 0.29-.044, 0.07-0.11, and 0.12-0.16 per cent, respectively. The nutrient content in the same order was 0.99, 0.16, 1.20, 0.30, 0.08, and 0.12 per cent in a single group of amabilis fir samples.In the lone set of western red cedar samples the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were in the order of 0.73, 0.13, 0.52, 1.16, 0.10 and 0.07 per cent.The percentage of the six nutrients in current Douglas fir needles from seven locations was 0.88-1.37, 0.12-0.22, 0.38-0.70, 0.16-0.44, 0.07-0.18, and 0.14-0.25 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively.The nutrient content of current needles of western hemlock from three sites was N = 0.86-1.17, P = 0.11-0.19, K = 0.28-0.57, Ca = 0.18-0.27, Mg = 0.08-0.12 and S = 0.10-0.15 per cent.Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and S concentration in current needles from three lots of lodgepole pine seedlings was 1.18-1.77, 0.15-0.18, 0.45-0.62, 0.16-0.26, 0.11-0.14 and 0.12-0.21 per cent, respectively. The corresponding values in needles from older trees were in the order 0.97-1.12, 0.09-0.12, 0.35-0.39, 0.15-0.16, 0.08-0.12 and 0.09-0.11.Per cent N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of Engelmann spruce seedlings was in the order 1.26-1.72, 0.21-0.29, 0.71-0.80, 0.44-0.58, 0.13-0.15 and 0.13-0.19. Concentration of these nutrients in older trees was 0.92-1.08, 0.20, 0.70-0.88, 0.28-0.33, 0.11-0.12 and 0.12-0.14 per cent, respectively.

scholarly journals Climate change and forest seed zones: Past trends, future prospects and challenges to ponder

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan McKenney ◽  
John Pedlar ◽  
Greg O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Climate Trends ◽  
Seed Zones ◽  
Key Words Climate Change ◽  
Season Extension ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Canada regenerates more than 400 000 ha of forest land annually through planting and seeding operations. Much of the stock for this effort is selected to be climatically suited to the planting site—a match that is often facilitated through the development of seed zones. However, if climate change proceeds as predicted, stock that is well matched under current climate will be growing in sub-optimal conditions within the next 20 to 50 years—in some parts of the country, trees may already be growing outside their optimal climates. To provide a sense of the magnitude of these changes, we present past and predicted future climate trends for Ontario and British Columbia seed zones. For Ontario, over the period 1950 to 2005, minimum temperature of the coldest month has already increased by up to 4.3°C, growing season has lengthened by up to 6 days, and precipitation during the growing season has increased by up to 26%. Changes were more pronounced across British Columbia’s Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) seed zones, with minimum temperature increasing by up to 8°C, a growing season extension of up to 30 days, and growing season precipitation increases of up to 40%. Projections for the end of the current century include: minimum temperature increase of 5°C to 10°C, growing season extension of 31 to 60 days, and growing season precipitation increases of 3% to 42% across the seed zones in both provinces. These changes are certain to have extensive impacts on forest ecosystems. We briefly discuss 3 forest management adaptation strategies intended to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change in Canada. Key words: climate change, seed zones, British Columbia, Ontario, Douglas-fir, seed transfer, assisted migration

An unusual case of winter bud damage in British Columbia interior conifers

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1640-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart J. van der Kamp ◽  
John Worrall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Short Stem ◽  
Unusual Form ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Cold Snap ◽  
Stem Segments

A widespread and unusual form of damage was suffered by most buds above the putative 1988–1989 winter snow line on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Engelmann and white spruces (Piceaengelmannii Parry and P. glauca (Moench) Voss, respectively) and their hybrids, and subalpine and amabilis firs (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and A. amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, respectively). By mid-June, on trees less than 30 years old, all tissues above the innermost bud scales, including the dome of the apical meristem, were dead, and a whorl of embryonic shoots arising from bud scale axils was developing. These shoots either produced a bud or developed into short stem segments during the 1989 growing season. The probable cause of the phenomenon was a warmer (1.0 to 3.6 °C above normal) October to December, and a very warm (2.9 to 4.7 °C above normal) January followed by a sudden cold snap with temperatures falling to −30 °C in early February.

scholarly journals Growth of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and ponderosa pine seedlings underplanted in a partially-cut, dry Douglas-fir stand in south-central British Columbia

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vyse ◽  
Christine Ferguson ◽  
Suzanne W Simard ◽  
Tamaki Kano ◽  
Pasi Puttonen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
South Central

The effects of partial cutting on seedling growth of three conifer species were studied at a very dry, hot interior Douglas-fir site near Kamloops, British Columbia. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. P. & C. Laws.) seedlings were planted in mechanically prepared 50 cm × 50 cm patches under different canopy conditions created by harvesting 60% of the original stand volume. The prepared areas were selected to represent canopy closures from open to closed, slopes from 0 to 60%, and all aspects. After six years, survival of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine was 78%, 76% and 70%, respectively. Light level had a strong influence on survival and condition. Growth of all species increased linearly with light, and was greatest for lodgepole pine, followed by ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Multiple regression analysis showed that six-year seedling size was most significantly affected by total light, and only occasionally by aspect, slope, or crown closure. The best models explained 53%, 47% and 42% of the variation in diameter of lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir, respectively. Natural abundance 13C was positively correlated with light and soil moisture availability, reflecting higher photosynthetic capacity of all species in the wetter, open canopy conditions. Patterns in isotopic discrimination also indicated greater water use efficiency of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine than lodgepole pine under low light conditions. Underplanting stands thinned to a basal area of less than 15m2 per ha offers a solution to regeneration difficulties on hot, dry Interior Douglas-fir sites. Key words: partial cutting, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, light, soil moisture, 13C, growth, survival, Opax Mountain Silvicultural Systems Project

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