DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) IN SEED ORCHARDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzie E. Blatt ◽  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis

AbstractLeptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is considered to be an important cone and seed pest in seed orchards in British Columbia; however, no impact studies have been done in Canada. Surveys to determine the distribution of L. occidentalis were conducted over a 3-year period in three coastal seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and over a 2-year period in two seed orchards of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Leptoglossus occidentalis was found to distribute itself in patches, coinciding with a clonal preference. Seed losses were assessed for 2 years in the coastal Douglas-fir orchards and for 1 year in one lodgepole pine orchard. The percentages of partially filled seed that could have been caused by feeding of L. occidentalis or by a number of other factors were < 5% in coastal Douglas-fir for both 1992 and 1993 and ~14% in lodgepole pine in 1993. Apparently because populations of L. occidentalis were low, there was no correlation between the percentage of partially filled seed and number of insects per tree. Except in unusual circumstances, management measures in Canada are judged not to be necessary as populations of L. occidentalis are consistently below the calculated threshold levels required to cause ≥5% loss in seed production.

Feeding by Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) reduces seed set in lodgepole pine (Pinaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward B. Strong ◽  
Sarah L. Bates ◽  
Michael U. Stoehr
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Exclusion ◽  
Filled Seeds ◽  
Water Treated Control

AbstractLow seed set is a serious problem in seed orchards of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann) in the southern interior of British Columbia. We tested the hypothesis that Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is responsible for the low seed set. Cones enclosed in insect exclusion bags as part of a pollination experiment produced significantly more filled seeds per cone than cones that were not bagged. In a separate bagging experiment, cones that were enclosed with a L. occidentalis female and her progeny produced only about one filled seed per cone, compared with about 28 seeds in bagged control cones. Changes in microclimate associated with the use of bags did not appear to be responsible for the observed increase in seed set in bagged cones. Leptoglossus occidentalis was also excluded from trees using the insecticide fenvalerate. Cones on fenvalerate-treated trees produced > 11 filled seeds per cone, whereas water-treated (control) cones produced < 1.7 filled seeds. These data suggest that L. occidentalis should be considered a serious pest in lodgepole pine seed orchards.

scholarly journals Fungal colonizers and seed loss in lodgepole pine orchards of British Columbia

Botany ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Paul Y. de la Bastide ◽  
Jonathon LeBlanc ◽  
Lisheng Kong ◽  
Terrie Finston ◽  
Emily M. May ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Fungal Microbiome ◽  
Host Tissues

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) is an important lumber species in Canada, and seed orchards are expected to meet the increased demand for seed. However, seed production has been consistently low in the Okanagan region orchards of British Columbia, Canada. To determine whether the fungal microbiome contributes to seed loss, histological and molecular approaches were used. Seed production was studied at seven Okanagan orchards, all outside the natural range of lodgepole pine, and at one near Prince George, within its natural range. Seed losses were highest in the Okanagan, compared with Prince George. The role of fungal colonizers in consuming seed during the last stages of maturation is described. Fungal hyphae were frequently observed at all locations in developing seed, particularly once storage substances accumulated. Fungi identified from host tissues using molecular and morphological techniques included Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Sydowia. The opportunistic foliar pathogen Sydowia polyspora, which is known to have a variable biotrophic status, was detected at most orchards within different host tissues (seeds, needles, and conelets), in association with pollen, and in the air column. Reduced seed viability observed in Okanagan orchards is most likely due to a combination of factors, including composition of the fungal microbiome.

PINE OIL PROTECTS LIVING TREES FROM ATTACK BY THREE BARK BEETLE SPECIES, DENDROCTONUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Nijholt ◽  
L. H. McMullen ◽  
L. Safranyik
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Pine Oil ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Pine Beetle

AbstractPine oil, a by-product of sulphate wood pulping, protected pheromone-baited, living Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), and spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss - P. engelmannii Parry hybrids) from attack by Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.), mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosa Hopk.), and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis (Kirby)), respectively. Pine oil also protected surrounding trees and reduced attack incidence on Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and spruce within at least a 10 m radius. α-Terpineol, one of the constituents of the pine oil mixture, was less effective.

Reduced Volume, Grade and Value of Lodgepole Pine Lumber Caused by Atropellis Canker and Stalactiform Blister Rust

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Nevill ◽  
J. H. Borden ◽  
H. Merler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Reduced Volume ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Pine Lumber

In a stand of 45-65-year old lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., in the interior of British Columbia, Atropellis canker, Atropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman and Cash, and stalactiform blister rust, Cronartium coleosporioides Arth., reduced the volume of infected trees by 7.9% and 6.2%, respectively. Manufacture of lumber from these trees increased volume losses by up to 28.7% and 26.4%, respectively. Atropellis canker reduced the volume of Standard and Better grade lumber by up to 40.1% and stalactiform blister rust by 33.3%, with corresponding relative increases in the volume of Utility grade up to 80%. The reduction of lumber volume and grade decreased the value of Atropellis-infected trees by 33.4% and stalactiform blister rust-infected trees by 28.7%. Based on the density of stems per hectare and infection rates, the two diseases reduced the potential lumber value of lodgepole pine by $508.40 per hectare. Thus management measures to reduce the incidence and impact of these diseases may be economically justified. Key Words: Lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta; Atropellis piniphila, Cronartium coleosporioides; lumber volume, grade, value.

scholarly journals The Development of a Program for the Genetic Improvement of Douglas-fir in British Columbia

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Orr-Ewing
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Interim Measure ◽  
Production Areas

The Douglas-fir, one of the most important species in western North America, has been widely planted in coastal British Columbia since 1930. The present measures being taken by the British Columbia Forest Service, Industry and the University of British Columbia to improve the genetic quality of the large amounts of seed required, are discussed. These include seed production areas, selections of plus trees in clone banks and seed orchards, together with the research programs being undertaken by all three organizations. It is noted that at the present time more than 90 per cent of the Douglas-fir seed is collected from unimproved stands. It is considered that the acreage of the seed production areas and the planned expansion of seed orchards will not be sufficient to ensure that future collections will be from improved seed sources. An immediate expansion of seed production areas is suggested as an interim measure. It is considered that there is great potential for the genetic improvement of Douglas-fir as it has already been demonstrated that the species is adaptable to radically different methods of breeding.

scholarly journals Trembling Aspen Removal Effects on Lodgepole Pine in Southern Interior British Columbia: Ten-Year Results

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean L. Heineman ◽  
Suzanne W. Simard ◽  
Donald L. Sachs ◽  
W. Jean Mather
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Density Threshold

Abstract Manual cutting treatments are routinely applied to release lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) competition in southern interior British Columbia. We studied the effects of this treatment on pine and an aspen-dominated community on three sites in the Interior Douglas-Fir and Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. After 10 years, when stands were 17–20 years old, treated aspen was significantly shorter than control aspen, and treated pine had significantly (21%) larger diameter than control pine. There were few other differences between brushed and unbrushed pine, and survival was excellent (≥97%), regardless of treatment. Brushing nearly doubled the average density of conifer stems that were free-growing according to legislated standards, but results were variable, and the free-growing status of the stand was changed on only one site. Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between aspen abundance and pine size. The density of aspen at least as tall as the pine (tall aspen) predicted 36.2% of the variation in pine diameter, and total aspen density predicted 35.9% of the variation in pine height. An average density threshold of 1,867 tall aspen stems/ha, above which pine stem diameter declined, was identified in the three stands.

Pollination and cone morphology affect cone and seed production in lodgepole pine seed orchards

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N Owens ◽  
Jordan Bennett ◽  
Sylvia L'Hirondelle
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Orchard Management ◽  
Cone Development ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Developmental Features

We describe the phenology and mechanisms of pollen-cone and seed-cone development in lodgepole pine in the interior of British Columbia and the methods for monitoring cone phenology, pollination, seed production, and causes of seed and cone losses in seed orchards over the 15-month reproductive cycle. Pollination lasted about 2 weeks, between mid-May and mid-June. Pollen shedding and female receptivity showed homogamy, protandry, or protogyny depending on weather, site, and year. Morphological and developmental features explain why pollination as early as stage 3 was most successful and why self-pollination led to a seriously reduced production of filled seed. Early pollination increased the seed potential per cone and consequently the filled seed per cone. Cone drop occurred when less than 80% of ovules were pollinated per cone and was higher in trees from Prince George than those in the Okanagan Valley. Misting of trees and mechanical blowing of pollen in the orchards did not increase filled seed per cone. Clonal effect was the most important factor in all trials and has implications for orchard management.

Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root colonization of Douglas-fir seedlings from British Columbia reforestation sites

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1198-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige E Axelrood ◽  
William K Chapman ◽  
Keith A Seifert ◽  
David B Trotter ◽  
Gwen Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Cylindrocarpon Destructans

Poor performance of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations established in 1987 has occurred in southwestern British Columbia. Affected sites were planted with 1-year-old container stock that exhibited some root dieback in the nursery. A study was initiated in 1991 to assess Cylindrocarpon and Fusarium root infection in planted and naturally regenerating (natural) Douglas-fir seedlings from seven affected plantations. Percentages of seedlings harboring Cylindrocarpon spp.and percent root colonization were significantly greater for planted seedlings compared with natural seedlings. A significant linear trend in Cylindrocarpon root colonization was observed for planted seedlings with colonization levels being highest for roots closest to the remnants of the root plug and decreasing at distances greater than 10cm from that region. This trend in Cylindrocarpon colonization was not observed for natural seedlings. Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholten var. destructans and C.cylindroides Wollenw. var. cylindroides were the only species isolated from planted and natural conifer seedlings. For most sites, percentage of seedlings harboring Fusarium spp.and percent Fusarium root colonization were less than for Cylindrocarpon. Recovery of Fusarium spp.from seedlings and root colonization levels were not significantly different for planted and natural seedlings from all sites.

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