Potential applications of molecular markers for genetic analysis of host–pathogen systems in forest trees

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1036-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren L. Nance ◽  
Gerald A. Tuskan ◽  
C. Dana Nelson ◽  
Robert L. Doudrick
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Genetic Interpretation ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Gene For Gene

Applications of molecular markers for genetic analysis of host–pathogen systems are presented within the framework of the gene-for-gene model. The literature on complementary genetic interactions in host–pathogen systems is briefly reviewed. Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis is summarized, and the design, execution, and genetic interpretation of experiments to test this hypothesis are described in detail. Various molecular techniques that have been used to complement the traditional gene-for-gene approach are also briefly reviewed. Three alternative approaches to developing molecular markers using the gene-for-gene framework are presented to illustrate the potential for applying molecular markers in forest tree–pathogen systems. Two of these alternative approaches allow partial confirmation of a hypothesized gene-for-gene genetic model without the usual requirement for advanced pedigrees. Such alternative approaches could greatly accelerate the development of marker-aided selection for disease resistance in forest tree–pathogen systems.

Molecular markers and antioxidant activity in berry crops: Genetic diversity analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Debnath ◽  
Y. L. Siow ◽  
J. Petkau ◽  
D. An ◽  
N. V. Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Genetic Diversity Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Improvement Programs

Debnath, S. C., Siow, Y. L., Petkau, J., An, D. and Bykova, N. V. 2012. Molecular markers and antioxidant activity in berry crops: Genetic diversity analysis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1121–1133. An improved understanding of important roles of dietary fruits in maintaining human health has led to a dramatic increase of global berry crop production. Berry fruits contain relatively high levels of vitamin C, cellulose and pectin, and produce anthocyanins, which have important therapeutic values, including antitumor, antiulcer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. There is a need to develop reliable methods to identify berry germplasm and assess genetic diversity/relatedness for dietary properties in berry genotypes for practical breeding purposes through genotype selection in a breeding program for cultivar development, and proprietary-rights protection. The introduction of molecular biology techniques, such as DNA-based markers, allows direct comparison of different genetic materials independent of environmental influences. Significant progress has been made in diversity analysis of wild cranberry, lowbush blueberry, lingonberry and cloudberry germplasm, and in strawberry and raspberry cultivars and advanced breeding lines developed in Canada. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers detected an adequate degree of polymorphism to differentiate among berry genotypes, making this technology valuable for cultivar identification and for the more efficient choice of parents in the current berry improvement programs. Although multiple factors affect antioxidant activity, a wide range of genetic diversity has been reported in wild and cultivated berry crops. Diversity analysis based on molecular markers did not agree with those from antioxidant activity. The paper also discusses the issues that still need to be addressed to utilize the full potential of molecular techniques including expressed sequence tag-polymerase chain reaction (EST-PCR) analysis to develop improved environment-friendly berry cultivars suited to the changing needs of growers and consumers.

GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS IN TWO INBRED STRAINS OF MICE

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. ELEFTHERIOU ◽  
D. W. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Epistatic Interaction ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Strains ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice

SUMMARY Plasma corticosterone levels were determined fluorometrically in mice of two unrelated highly inbred strains, C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy, and in seven of their derived recombinant-inbred strains as well as their F1 hybrid and backcross generations necessary to arrive at a genetic model for plasma corticosterone levels. It was concluded that the simplest genetic model, and one which fits the experimental results, was one which assumed that plasma corticosterone levels are controlled genetically by two loci with the epistatic interaction indicating dependency of pathways of action for the two genes.

scholarly journals Studying the central control of food intake and obesity in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Model ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Immunoblot Technique ◽  
Feeding Control

The central nervous system regulates energy intake and expenditure through a complex network of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. It is of great interest to understand the relevance of these systems to the physiological control of energy balance and to the disturbances of obesity. The present paper discusses some of the methods to address this field used at the laboratory of Endocrine Physiology of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Initially, different experimental models of rat obesity are presented, namely the hypothalamic induced monosodium glutamate model, the Zucker genetic model, and the dietary model. The principles of brain microdialysis are also presented, the technique applied to obtain representative samples of the extracellular fluid of brain sites involved in feeding control. The microdialysate levels of serotonin, an important anorexigenic neurotransmitter, are determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. The immunoblot technique (Western blot) is used to determine hypothalamic levels of proteins relevant to the anorexigenic effect of serotonin and to analyze the acute activation of the insulin signaling cascade in the hypothalamus. The final section addresses the potential applications of proteomics in the study of the central control of feeding.

scholarly journals Study of Plant Genetic Variation through Molecular Markers: An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 464-473
Author(s):  
Zeina S. M. Al-Hadeithi ◽  
Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat Marker ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Simple Sequence

This article refers to viewing the role of molecular markers during analyzing the genome of plants and their importance in plant biotechnology. In recent years, we observed the role of molecular techniques in programs for improving plant breeding and preserving genetic resources has been observed, and molecular and biochemical indicators which represent basic material through determining the diversity between genotypes for indicators it is never affected by external surrounding conditions as always in the phenotype features. Molecular markers of DNA have been widely applied to answer a range of questions related to taxonomy, molecular evolution, population genetics, and genetic diversity, as well as monitoring trade in plants and food products , in addition to its having a role in studying gene expression , genetic mapping, and studies of species evolution providing fast and accurate results. In this work, the advantages and limitations of the molecular techniques applied in plant sciences such as: RAPD (Random Amplification Polymorphic DNA Marker); ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Marker); SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat Marker); AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphic Marker); RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Marker); SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and Real Time PCR.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Genetic Diversity in Forest Tree Populations Using Molecular Markers

Diversity ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilga Porth ◽  
Yousry El-Kassaby
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Forest Tree

Molecular Markers

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-52
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Rate Of Success

Conventionally, establishment of relationship between the genotype and phenotype through genetic analysis was considered as key to success in plant breeding. The discovery of molecular markers has changed the entire scenario of genome analysis. Coinheritance of a gene of interest and a marker suggests that they are physically close on the chromosome. A marker must be polymorphic in nature for their identification and utilization. Such polymorphism can be detected at three levels: phenotype (morphological), difference in biomolecules (biochemical), or differences in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (molecular). These markers act as a versatile tool and find their importance in taxonomy, plant breeding, gene mapping, cultivar identification, and forensic science. They have several advantages over the conventional methods of plant breeding for developing new varieties with higher rate of success. This chapter covers the basic principles and applications of various types of markers with special emphasis on molecular markers.

THE INHERITANCE OF MATURITY IN MAIZE

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Plant Basis

Days from seeding to silking and days from seeding to pollen shedding were used as measures of maturity on the parents, their F1, F2 and the back-crosses of the F1 to both parents of the cross Mt42 × WF9. Readings were taken on an individual plant basis. Results indicated the existence of partial phenotypic dominance for earliness. Heritability estimates were very low, probably due to the lack of agreement between the hereditary behaviour of the two characters and the basic assumptions of the formula used. A genetic analysis by the partitioning method of the two characters, days to silking and days to pollen shedding, indicated that Mt42 and WF9 differed by four effective factors and that all of the factors for increased earliness were located in the Mt42 line. A genetic model was constructed which appeared to satisfy the data for both characters.

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