Wound response of loblolly and shortleaf pine attacked or reattacked by Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) or its fungal associate, Ceratocystisminor (Hedgecock) Hunt

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Cook ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Wound Site ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Monoterpene Composition ◽  
Fungal Associate

Loblolly, Pinustaeda L., and shortleaf, Pinusechinata Mill., pines respond to attack by the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann, or invasion by the SPB fungal associate, Ceratocystisminor (Hedgecock) Hunt, by forming a necrotic lesion around the wound site. This response was compared between trees that had no known prior experience with SPB or C. minor (naive trees) and trees that had been exposed to SPB or C. minor the previous year (experienced trees). No significant differences were observed in the average length of the lesions between experienced and naive trees in either pine species. However, the experienced loblolly pines had higher concentrations of inner bark monoterpenes than did the naive loblolly pines and the experienced shortleaf pines had a significantly different inner bark monoterpene composition compared with naive shortleaf pines during the June sample period. The monoterpene composition in unwounded tissue of experienced shortleaf pine closely resembled the observed monoterpene composition of lesion tissue at this time. The observed differences in inner bark monoterpenes following fungal or beetle exposure could render the trees less susceptible to later bark beetle attack for a period of time following the initial exposure.

Four parameters of the wound response of loblolly and shortleaf pines to inoculation with the blue-staining fungus associated with the southern pine beetle

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2403-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Cook ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Resin Flow ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle

The wound response of loblolly, Pinus taeda L., and shortleaf, P. echinata Mill., pine was examined for 14 days following wounding and inoculation of the trees with Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt, a fungal associate of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Lesion length increased at a constant rate during June, while during July there was an initially rapid lesion formation followed by a leveling off for both tree species. Lesion enlargement occurred faster from days 2 through 7 in July for both species, and at the end of the 14-day study periods, the loblolly pines had a longer average lesion length than did the shortleaf pines during both months. During June, there was an initial increase in resin flow rate followed by a decrease in resin flow rate for several days and then an increased resin flow rate to levels similar to or above the rate measured prior to wounding. During July, the initial increase in resin flow rate following inoculation was not observed. Average soluble-sugar content decreased and monoterpene concentration increased in the lesion inner bark tissue. Inner bark monoterpene composition also changed, with the percentage of α-pinene increasing or remaining unchanged in loblolly pine and decreasing in the shortleaf pine. The observed differences in tree response to fungal invasion may be important in determining if an individual can repel or impede invasion by D. frontalis at different times during the summer.

CARBOHYDRATES OF INNER BARK OF PINUS TAEDA AS AFFECTED BY DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS AND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Barras ◽  
John D. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Pine Beetle

AbstractGlucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in inner bark treated with a southern pine beetle–microorganism complex and two beetle-associated fungi. Treatments drastically lowered the reducing-sugar level. Storage of untreated bolts had no effect on reducing-sugar level; sucrose was lowered but not as much as in treated tissue. Starch content remained unchanged in all treatments.

Monoterpene composition and fusiform rust resistance in slash and loblolly pines

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Michelozzi ◽  
T.L. White ◽  
A.E. Squillace ◽  
W.J. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Monoterpene Composition

Monoterpene composition of cortical tissue was analyzed in slash pine (Pinuselliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) clones with known breeding values for fusiform rust resistance. Trees having a relatively high content of β-phellandrene tend to be more resistant than trees with a low β-phellandrene content. Such results confirm previous data and suggest the utilization of β-phellandrene content as an aid in selecting relatively rust resistant slash and loblolly pines.

Influence of tree stress and site quality on the induced defense system of loblolly pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Paine ◽  
F. M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Discernible Effect ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Tree Stress ◽  
Growing Conditions

Even-aged loblolly pines growing in plantations on different sites were inoculated with Ceratocystisminor, a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, to determine if the inducible defense system of the trees was affected by plant quality or growing conditions. Overtopped trees produced smaller hypersensitive lesions than dominant or codominant trees. There was no discernible effect of previous exposure to the fungi on the subsequent ability of the tree to respond to inoculation. A temporal effect was observed in trees growing on the better well-drained site but was not seen in trees on the poorer site with waterlogged soil.

OLEORESIN CHARACTERISTICS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FOUR SOUTHERN PINES TO SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACKS

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 889-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Hodges ◽  
William W. Elam ◽  
William F. Watson ◽  
T. Evan Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Measured Resistance ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

AbstractAll four major southern pines can be killed by the southern pine beetle, but loblolly and shortleaf are much more susceptible than longleaf and slash. Oleoresin from more than 50 trees of each species was tested for composition and amount of monoterpenes and resin acids, viscosity, flow (rate, duration, and amount), and rate of crystallization. Discriminant function analyses were used to classify the loblolly and shortleaf trees as to probable resistance. The best classification used physical properties (total flow, flow rate, viscosity, time to crystallization). Supposedly resistant and susceptible trees were subjected to controlled attack, and the chemical and physical properties of four loblolly pines that survived natural attack were measured. Resistance is strongly related to the physical properties of the oleoresin, and can be predicted by these properties. Loblolly and shortleaf trees with “average” properties usually succumb to 100 or more attacks per sq. m of bark surface. Several trees classified as resistant survived a much higher rate of attack.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of Leptographium Qinlingensis Cytochrome P450 Genes and Their Expression When Grown on Different Media or Treated With Terpenoids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Dai ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Jiaqi Ye ◽  
Hui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Chinese White ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Genes ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Fungal Associate

Abstract Leptographium qinlingensis is a fungal associate of the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi) and a pathogen of the Chinese white pine (Pinus armandi) that must overcome the terpenoid oleoresin defences of host trees. We identified and phylogenetically analysed the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the transcriptome of L. qinlingensis. Through analyses of the growth rates on different nutritional media and inhibition by terpenoids, the expression profiles of six CYPs in the mycelium of L. qinlingensis grown on different media or treated with terpenoids were determined. The CYP evolution predicted that most of the CYPs occurred in a putative common ancestor shared between L. qinlingensis and G. clavigera. This fungus is symbiotic with D. armandi and has more similarity with G. clavigera, which can retrieve nutrition from pine wood and utilize monoterpenes as the sole carbon source. Some CYP genes might be involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and detoxification of terpenes and phenolics, as observed in other blue-stained fungi, which also indicates the pathogenic properties of L. qinlingensis in Chinese white pine.

Efficacy of 4-allylanisole-based products for protecting individual loblolly pines from Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
B L Strom ◽  
S R Clarke ◽  
P J Shea
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Relative Composition ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Protective Treatment ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

We evaluated the effectiveness of 4-allylanisole (4AA) as a protective treatment for loblolly pines threatened by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Three products were evaluated in combination with two methods that promoted attack of trees by D. frontalis. One method used attractive semiochemicals and the other decreased host resistance, both of which are important scenarios for implementing protective treatments of individual trees. Each method promoted mass attack of unprotected control trees, thus providing a statistically verifiable challenge to the candidate protectants. In trees with increased susceptibility, mortality ranged from 63% (untreated) to 77% (4AA applied in paintball formulation), and two products appeared to alter the relative composition of scolytid species that attacked at two heights; however, tree mortality was unaffected. In trees challenged with semiochemical attractants, mortality ranged from 54% (4AA released from vials) to 82% (untreated and paintball application of 4AA). Although 4AA consistently reduces catch of D. frontalis in traps, it was not efficacious for protecting individual loblolly pines over a period of 30 or 60 days in this experiment.

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