Efficacy of 4-allylanisole-based products for protecting individual loblolly pines from Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
B L Strom ◽  
S R Clarke ◽  
P J Shea
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Relative Composition ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Protective Treatment ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

We evaluated the effectiveness of 4-allylanisole (4AA) as a protective treatment for loblolly pines threatened by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Three products were evaluated in combination with two methods that promoted attack of trees by D. frontalis. One method used attractive semiochemicals and the other decreased host resistance, both of which are important scenarios for implementing protective treatments of individual trees. Each method promoted mass attack of unprotected control trees, thus providing a statistically verifiable challenge to the candidate protectants. In trees with increased susceptibility, mortality ranged from 63% (untreated) to 77% (4AA applied in paintball formulation), and two products appeared to alter the relative composition of scolytid species that attacked at two heights; however, tree mortality was unaffected. In trees challenged with semiochemical attractants, mortality ranged from 54% (4AA released from vials) to 82% (untreated and paintball application of 4AA). Although 4AA consistently reduces catch of D. frontalis in traps, it was not efficacious for protecting individual loblolly pines over a period of 30 or 60 days in this experiment.

Differential impacts of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, on Pinus palustris and Pinus taeda

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1427-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Friedenberg ◽  
Brenda M. Whited ◽  
Daniel H. Slone ◽  
Sharon J. Martinson ◽  
Matthew P. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Thanasimus Dubius ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

Patterns of host use by herbivore pests can have serious consequences for natural and managed ecosystems but are often poorly understood. Here, we provide the first quantification of large differential impacts of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., and longleaf pine, Pinus palustris P. Mill., and evaluate putative mechanisms for the disparity. Spatially extensive survey data from recent epidemics indicate that, per square kilometre, stands of loblolly versus longleaf pine in four forests (380–1273 km2) sustained 3–18 times more local infestations and 3–116 times more tree mortality. Differences were not attributable to size or age structure of pine stands. Using pheromone-baited traps, we found no differences in the abundance of dispersing D. frontalis or its predator Thanasimus dubius Fabricius between loblolly and longleaf stands. Trapping triggered numerous attacks on trees, but the pine species did not differ in the probability of attack initiation or in the surface area of bark attacked by growing aggregations. We found no evidence for postaggregation mechanisms of discrimination or differential success on the two hosts, suggesting that early colonizers discriminate between host species before a pheromone plume is present.

scholarly journals Which Trees and Stands are attacked by the Southern Pine Beetle?

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujia Zhang ◽  
Boris Zeide
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Individual Trees

Abstract An analysis of long-term observations from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations showed that the southern pine beetle, SPB (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann), kills a larger proportion of trees in dense stands. The presence of hardwood species diminishes damage, probably by hindering the dispersal of the SPB. It was also found that, in a given stand, mortality increases with tree size. On the other hand, the degree of damage was not related to age or mean diameter. For our plots, the annual probability that a loblolly pine tree would be killed by the beetle was 4.59 x 10-4. In the SPB infested stands, this probability increased 39 times (1.81 x 10-2. More precise estimates can be made using a prediction model driven by stand densities of pines and hardwoods, and the relative diameter of individual trees. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):217-223.

Why does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle?

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1966-1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Martinson ◽  
Richard W. Hofstetter ◽  
Matthew P. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Tree Defenses ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Individual Trees

Pine forests throughout the world are subject to disturbance from tree-killing bark beetles, but pine species differ in their susceptibilities. In the southeastern United States, Pinus palustris Mill. suffers far less mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, than do its sympatric congeners. We tested the commonly invoked hypothesis that P. palustris has relatively low susceptibility because it has higher oleoresin flow than other pines, especially Pinus taeda L. However, seven studies in three states over 6 years refuted the hypothesis that P. palustris and P. taeda differ in their constitutive resin flow or in their capacity to replace resin depleted by either experimental wounding or natural beetle attacks. Additionally, surveys of natural beetle attacks revealed that P. taeda and P. palustris were equally likely to be attacked and killed when they cooccurred in front of growing infestations. Thus, the relative susceptibility of these two species changes with the spatial scale at which they are mixed, and the strong landscape-scale pattern of low mortality in P. palustris is not because individual trees are physiologically less susceptible. Ultimately, the conspicuous differential impact of D. frontalis on P. taeda and P. palustris may be the product of coevolution between tree defenses and beetle behavior.

VARIATION IN SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE ATTACK HEIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH PHORETIC UROPODID MITES

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Kinn ◽  
J. J. Witcosky
Keyword(s):  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Southern Pine Beetles ◽  
Pine Beetles

AbstractSouthern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) carrying phoretic Trichouropoda australis deutonymphs were caught in bucket traps baited with frontalin-alpha pinene at heights of 3, 6, and 9 m on the boles of loblolly pines. Of 8475 beetles collected, 36.3% carried uropodids or their pedicels. Beetles trapped at 3 m carried more pedicels than those trapped at 6 or 9 m, indicating that the flight of beetles is influenced by the presence of phoretic mites. Re-emerging parent beetles can be differentiated from brood adults by the color of the mite pedicels.

scholarly journals Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

EDIS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2004 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Meeker ◽  
Wayne N. Dixon ◽  
John L. Foltz ◽  
Thomas R. Fasulo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Pine Trees

The southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is the most destructive insect pest of pine in the southern United States. A recent historical review estimated that SPB caused $900 million of damage to pine forests from 1960 through 1990 (Price et a1. 1992). This aggressive tree killer is a native insect that lives predominantly in the inner bark of pine trees. Trees attacked by SPB often exhibit hundreds of resin masses (i.e., pitch tubes) on the outer tree bark. SPB feed on phloem tissue where they construct winding S-shaped or serpentine galleries. The galleries created by both the adult beetles and their offspring can effectively girdle a tree, causing its death. SPB also carry, and introduce into trees, blue-stain fungi. These fungi colonize xylem tissue and block water flow within the tree, also causing tree mortality (Thatcher and Conner 1985). Consequently, once SPB have successfully colonized a tree, the tree cannot survive, regardless of control measures. his document is EENY-176 (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 369), one of the Featured Creatures series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: November 2000. Revised: March 2004. EENY-176/IN333: Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) (ufl.edu)  

PARASITE AND PREDATOR COMPONENT OF WITHIN-TREE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) MORTALITY

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Linit ◽  
F. M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Predator Complex ◽  
Parasite Complex ◽  
Insect Parasites

AbstractThe parasite and predator component of within-tree southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality was investigated by mechanically excluding insect parasites and predators from the bark surface of naturally infested shortleaf, Pinus echinata Mill., and loblolly, P. taeda L., pines. Mortality caused by insect parasites and predators was determined by comparisons of five treatments that differed only in the duration of natural enemy exclusion. These natural enemies were responsible for 28.04% and 23.85% of the within-tree beetle mortality in 1978 in Arkansas and in 1979 in Georgia, respectively. Natural enemy species that arrived on the tree during the first week following mass attack by beetles caused the greatest amount of mortality.Predator density was greater than parasite density at both locations. The majority of the predator complex arrived during the first week following mass attack by beetles, while the parasite complex arrived throughout the entire period of beetle brood development.A linear response was found between the number of southern pine beetle prey and the number of prey destroyed per predator. A mean (± S.E.) of 4.79 ± 0.64 southern pine beetle immatures were destroyed by each individual predator.

Field Evaluations of Potential Aggregation Inhibitors for the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian T. Sullivan ◽  
Mark J. Dalusky ◽  
David Wakarchuk ◽  
C. Wayne Berisford
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Nonhost Volatiles ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Aggregation Inhibitors ◽  
Individual Trees

Semiochemicals that inhibit the response of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, to its aggregation pheromone have been used with varying degrees of success to protect individual trees from attack and to stop infestation growth. However, semiochemical disruptants have not experienced wide use in management of D. frontalis, due in part to the normally prohibitive expense associated with treatments using verbenone and 4-allylanisole, the two EPA-registered semiochemicals for this species. Therefore, we conducted some initial trap-based screenings of candidate compounds with the aim of discovering alternative inhibitory semiochemicals for use in management of D. frontalis. In separate experiments in Mississippi and Georgia, baits containing either 2-phenylethanol or myrtenol significantly reduced attraction of one or both sexes of D. frontalis to traps baited with a standard attractant (i.e., the D. frontalis aggregation pheromone frontalin and the host monoterpene alpha-pinene). In combination, the two compounds caused a 92% decrease in total beetle response to the standard attractant, although this reduction was not significantly greater than that produced by 2-phenylethanol alone. In one test, a blend of nonhost volatiles (1-hexanol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, and nonanal) significantly reduced attraction of male D. frontalis, but these observations were not duplicated in a second test. Another combination of candidate inhibitors (the nonhost blend plus guaiacol and benzaldehyde) also significantly inhibited response of male beetles. At the specific doses used in our tests, we failed to observe reduction in D. frontalis attraction by the following compounds presented singly: benzaldehyde, guaiacol, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (3,2-MCH), myrtenal, and verbenone.

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF CORTICEUS GLABER AND CORTICEUS PARALLELUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), ASSOCIATES OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Smith ◽  
Richard A. Goyer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Infested Tree ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Mass Attack ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae ◽  
Southern Louisiana

AbstractIn southern Louisiana, Corticeus glaber (LeConte) outnumbered Corticeus parallelus (Melsheimer) 3.7:1 during 15-month study from October 1976 to December 1977. Corticeus spp. varied significantly (P < 0.01) among the 52 sample dates and three sample heights on infested tree boles. Corticeus spp. were significantly correlated with numbers of southern pine beetle eggs, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, in the bottom and middle samples but not in the top sample. Corticeus glaber peak arrival occurred from 14 days prior to 14 days following pine beetle mass attack, while C. parallelus peak arrival occurred from 7 days prior to 10 days following pine beetle mass attack.

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