Visible injury and growth responses of young cuttings of Populuscanadensis and P. nigra to nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1289-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Eastham ◽  
Douglas P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Growth Effects ◽  
Visible Foliar Injury ◽  
Lombardy Poplar

Carolina poplar (Populuscanadensis Moensch 'Eugenei') and Lombardy poplar (Populusnigra L. 'Italica') were exposed to NO2 and SO2, separately or in combination, for 1 h using concentrations of 0.50 and 1.0 μL•L−1 in separate experiments to determine if foliar injury symptoms can be used as a surrogate for growth effects and if single pollutants have noninteractive effects when mixed. Lombardy poplar was more sensitive than Carolina poplar to exposures to combined SO2 and NO2 at 1.0 μL•L−1 based on visible foliar injury symptoms. In contrast, leaf growth in both species was significantly stimulated by NO2 at 0.50 μL•L−1 and stem growth significantly decreased by NO2 at 1.0 μL•L−1. There was little effect of SO2; there were significant interactions of NO2 and SO2 only in Lombardy poplar exposed to 0.50 μL•L−1. These results suggest that growth effects can not be predicted by foliar injury symptoms and that few significant growth effects are identifiable in short-term studies.

scholarly journals Visible Foliar Injury and Physiological Responses to Ozone in Italian Provenances ofFraxinus excelsiorandF. ornus

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicla Contran ◽  
Elena Paoletti
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Visible Foliar Injury

We compared leaf visible injury and physiological responses (gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence) to high O3exposure (150 nmol mol–1h, 8 h day–1, 35–40 days) of two woody species of the same genus with different ecological features: the mesophilic green ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the xerotolerant manna ash (F. ornus). We also studied how provenances from northern (Piedmont) and central (Tuscany) Italy, within the two species, responded to O3exposure. Onset and extent of visible foliar injury suggested thatF. excelsiorwas more O3sensitive thanF. ornus. The higher stomatal conductance inF. ornusthan inF. excelsiorsuggested a larger potential O3uptake, in disagreement to lower visible foliar injury. The higher carbon assimilation inF. ornussuggested a higher potential of O3detoxification and/or repair. Contrasting geographical variations of ash sensitivity to O3were recorded, as Piedmont provenances reduced gas exchange less than Tuscan provenances inF. excelsiorand more inF. ornus. Visible injury was earlier and more severe inF. excelsiorfrom Piedmont than from Tuscany, while the provenance did not affect visible injury onset and extent inF. ornus.

scholarly journals Visible foliar injury and infrared imaging show that daylength affects short-term recovery after ozone stress in Trifolium subterraneum

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (13) ◽  
pp. 3677-3686 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Vollsnes ◽  
A. B. Eriksen ◽  
E. Otterholt ◽  
K. Kvaal ◽  
U. Oxaal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ozone Stress ◽  
Visible Foliar Injury

scholarly journals Influence of air pollution on hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Nis, Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Milosevic ◽  
Dragan Bogdanovic ◽  
Sladjana Jovic ◽  
Aleksandra Stankovic ◽  
Suzana Milutinovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Black Smoke

Background/Aim. In studies that investigate the health effects of short-term air pollution exposure, population-wide changes in acute outcomes such as mortality, hospital admissions and healthcare visits are linked to short-term variations in ambient pollutant concentrations. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between daily outdoor black smoke and sulphur dioxide levels and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Nis, within a period 2001-2005. Methods. A time series analysis was performed using separated regression models for each pollutant and disease group, by age groups and population as a whole. The effects of copollutant, meteorological factors and cyclic oscillations in hospitalization numbers were controlled. Results. A significant increase in hospital admissions was associated with a 10 ?g/m3 increase in the concentration of black smoke, for cardiovascular diseases: 3.14% (< 0.01) in children and youth under 19 years of age, 1.85% (< 0.001) in 19-64 age group, and 0.84% (< 0.05) in all ages, and for respiratory diseases: 1.77% (< 0.05) in 19-64 age group, and 0.91% (< 0.05) in all ages. The effects on hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in children and youth under 19 years of age, and for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in the elderly were not statistically significant. The increase of sulphur dioxide level was associated with the increased number of hospitalizations, for both cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in all age groups, but the influence was not statistically significant. Conclusion. Outdoor pollutants concentrations in urban area of Nis were below regulated limit values during most of the investigated period days but it is shown that even such a level of pollution has a significant effect on hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

Effects of simulated acid rain on the growth of five Brazilian tree species and anatomy of the most sensitive species (Joannesia princeps)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luzimar Campos da Silva ◽  
Aristéa Alves Azevedo ◽  
Eldo Antônio Monteiro da Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis

Seedlings and young saplings of some woody species were exposed to simulated low-pH acid rain, in order to develop a response screening for tropical tree species by determination of the symptoms of foliar injury and growth responses, as well as to identify anatomical alterations in the leaf blade of the most sensitive species. Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Genipa americana L., Joannesia princeps Vell., Mimosa artemisiana Heringer & Paula and Spondias dulcis Forst.f. were exposed daily to 20 min of acid rain, pH 3.0, for 10 consecutive days. The degree of leaf damage and the anatomical alterations observed were efficient parameters to determine the sensitivity to acid rain. At the end of the experiment J. princeps was the most sensitive species as determined by foliar injury and seedling growth. The degree of leaf damage was similar among the seedlings, except in S. dulcis, which showed reduced percentage of foliar injury. Necrotic and chlorotic spots on the leaf blade occurred. In the most sensitive species, J. princeps, necrotic blade tissues showed accumulation of phenolic compounds, hypertrophy and collapsed cells. Most of the structural alterations were observed in the adaxial epidermis, the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma and the abaxial epidermis. Long-term experiments with seedlings of S. dulcis and saplings of G. integrifolia are suggested, to characterise the response of these species that presented fewer symptoms but whose growth was affected under acid rain.

Response of wheat to single short-term waterlogging during and after stem elongation

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
WS Meyer ◽  
HD Barrs
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Short Term

Transient waterlogging associated with spring irrigations on slowly draining soils causes yield reduction in irrigated wheat. Physiological responses to short-term flooding are not well understood. The aim of this experiment was to monitor above- and below-ground responses of wheat to single waterlogging events during and after stem elongation and to assess the sensitivity of the crop at these growth stages to flooding. Wheat (cv. Bindawarra) was grown in drainage lysimeters of undisturbed cores of Marah clay loam soil. A control treatment (F0) was well-watered throughout the season without surface flooding, while three others were flooded for 96 h at stem elongation (Fl), flag leaf emergence (F2) and anthesis (F3), respectively. Soil water content, soil O2, root length density, leaf and stem growth, apparent photosynthesis (APS), plant nutrient status and grain yield were measured. Soil water content increased and soil O2 levels decreased following flooding; the rate of soil O2 depletion increasing with crop age and root length. Leaf and stem growth and APS increased immediately following flooding, the magnitude of the increases was in the order F1 >F2>F3. A similar order existed in the effect of flooding which decreased the number of roots. Subsequently, leaf and stem growth decreased below that of F0 plants in F1, and briefly in F2. Decreases in APS of treated plants compared to F0 plants appeared to be due to their greater sensitivity to soil water deficit. There was no effect of flooding on grain yield. It is suggested that, while plant sensitivity to flooding decreased with age, flooding at stem elongation had no lasting detrimental effect on yield when post-flood watering was well controlled.

Effects of simulated acid fog on leaf acidification and injury development of pinto beans

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 918-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bytnerowicz ◽  
P. J. Temple ◽  
O. C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Acid Fog ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Fog Deposition ◽  
Pinto Beans ◽  
Background Ions

Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. UI 111) were exposed for 8 h to simulated fog solutions made up of 2:1 nitric acid: sulfuric acid plus background ions, acidified to pH 3.2, 2.8, 2.4, and 2.0. Rate of fog deposition was ca. 1 mm h−1. Examination of visible foliar injury development, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, and measurement of leaf extract pH were performed every 2 h. Both visual and SEM observations during exposure showed no change in leaf surface characteristics for plants exposed to pH 3.2 and 2.8 fog solutions but 1 week after pH 2.8 exposures, injury was seen on primary leaves and young trifoliate leaves. The first indications of injury at pH 2.4 were seen under SEM after 8 h of exposure. Foliar injury was apparent after only 2 h of exposure at pH 2.0 and severe acid necrosis developed after 24 h. Changes in acidity of leaf extracts were closely correlated with subsequent injury development. No changes were observed in extracts of plants exposed to pH 3.2 simulated fog compared with controls. After 8 h of exposure, leaf extracts of plants exposed to pH 2.8 fog had dropped 0.05 pH units. Plants exposed to pH 2.4 and pH 2.0 for 8 h had leaf extracts that were 0.12 and 0.18 pH units lower, respectively. Comparison of the three measured parameters of acid fog effects (visible injury development, SEM examination of leaf surfaces, and determination of leaf extract pH) showed extract pH to be a simple, quantifiable, and sensitive indicator of the negative effects of acid precipitation on plants.

EPTC Effects on Corn (Zea Mays) Growth and Endogenous Gibberellins.

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Donald ◽  
R. S. Fawcett ◽  
R. G. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Endogenous Gibberellin ◽  
Hybrid Corn ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Abnormal Distribution ◽  
Gibberellin Activity ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Root Treatment

Hydroponic treatment with EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) inhibited leaf growth and stimulated stem growth of hybrid corn (Zea maysL. ‘Wisconsin 473′). Root treatment with GA3(gibberellic acid) prevented leaf stunting from EPTC. Most abnormalities in foliar display and height from treatment with 50 μM EPTC were prevented by increasing GA3levels from 0.5 μM to 10 μM over a week. The effect of EPTC on endogenous gibberellin activity was measured by bioassay of shoot extracts. EPTC (6.7 kg/ha) reduced the levels of total endogenous gibberellin-like substances in eight-day-old seedlings grown in treated soil. Under the environmental condtions of the experiment, this corresponded to the first discernable signs of injury. In addition EPTC induced an abnormal distribution of endogenous gibberellins in the shoots of older corn plants. Leaves of two-week-old EPTC-treated plants contained less gibberellin activity than the leaves of controls. Stems of herbicide-treated plants contained the same levels of gibberellin-like substances as the controls.

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