Visible injury, crown condition, and growth responses of selected Italian forests in relation to ozone exposure

2009 ◽  
Vol 157 (5) ◽  
pp. 1427-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Bussotti ◽  
Marco Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Crown Condition ◽  
Visible Injury

Die-Back Tolerance in Eucalypt Species in Relation to Fertilization and Soil Populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Marks ◽  
FY Kassaby ◽  
PC Fagg
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Eucalypt Species ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Rating

The die-back tolerance of 16 fertilized (17/9/7 nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) and unfertilized eucalypt and two conifer species was tested in the coastal forests of east Gippsland on sites rated as of "high", "moderate", and "low" hazard on the basis of previous damage, internal soil drainage, and infection by P. cinnamomi. Measurements were made of the population density index (PDI) of P. cinnamomi, of soil moisture, and of soil temperature. Supporting greenhouse and laboratory experiments are also reported. The high hazard site showed the most uniform infection and the greatest PDI, the low hazard site the least uniformity in the infection pattern. During the first year's growth, five renantherous eucalypt species showed considerable sensitivity to root rot and die-back; the intensity of the disease and the number of deaths were directly proportional to the hazard rating of the sites. The 11 species of Macrantherae tested were very tolerant to die-back. The disease was aggravated by temporary waterlogging during a 7 day period, but waterlogging did not cause die-back. The disease first appeared in the plots when soil temperatures rose above 15°C. Greenhouse tests showed that P. cinnamomi was most virulent at 22°, and visible injury became evident between 15 and 18°. Fertilizers produced striking growth responses during the first year in both subgenera of eucalypts on the low hazard site, with only minor differences between the two groups. Similar responses were seen only on the Macrantherae on the moderate and high hazard sites. The growth of the surviving renantherous eucalypts was uneven, and fertilizers greatly increased their sensitivity to die-back disease. The response to fertilization in both subgenera was directly related to the disease hazard of the site and the intensity of infection by P. cinnamomi. Differences in response to fertilization between the Macrantherae and the Renantherae were directly proportional to the population density and distribution of P. cinnamomi in the soils. The initial tolerance to die-back of the two conifers, Pinus radiata and P. Elliotii, was similar to that of the most resistant macrantherous eucalypts tested.

Visible injury and growth responses of young cuttings of Populuscanadensis and P. nigra to nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1289-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Eastham ◽  
Douglas P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Growth Effects ◽  
Visible Foliar Injury ◽  
Lombardy Poplar

Carolina poplar (Populuscanadensis Moensch 'Eugenei') and Lombardy poplar (Populusnigra L. 'Italica') were exposed to NO2 and SO2, separately or in combination, for 1 h using concentrations of 0.50 and 1.0 μL•L−1 in separate experiments to determine if foliar injury symptoms can be used as a surrogate for growth effects and if single pollutants have noninteractive effects when mixed. Lombardy poplar was more sensitive than Carolina poplar to exposures to combined SO2 and NO2 at 1.0 μL•L−1 based on visible foliar injury symptoms. In contrast, leaf growth in both species was significantly stimulated by NO2 at 0.50 μL•L−1 and stem growth significantly decreased by NO2 at 1.0 μL•L−1. There was little effect of SO2; there were significant interactions of NO2 and SO2 only in Lombardy poplar exposed to 0.50 μL•L−1. These results suggest that growth effects can not be predicted by foliar injury symptoms and that few significant growth effects are identifiable in short-term studies.

EFFECTS OF OZONE ON GROWTH OF FOUR WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. LUMIS ◽  
D. P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B ◽  
High Level ◽  
Stimulation Of

Ozone exposure of coniferous plants during their second growing season for 4 consecutive days per week for 6 or 7 wk resulted in stimulation of shoot elongation in three of four species. No visible injury symptoms were noted. Compared to control plants, Pfitzer juniper and dense yew elongated significantly more at a low level (10 pphm for 4 wk and 20 pphm from week five to 6 or 7 wk) while white cedar elongated more at a high level (20 pphm for 4 wk and 40 pphm from week five to 6 or 7 wk). Elongation of tamarix juniper with no ozone exceeded that at either the low or the high level of exposure. Shoot elongation at the high level was equal to or less than that with no ozone for all species but white cedar. Plants exposed to the high level of ozone had generally lower chlorophyll contents, while the low level of ozone significantly increased chlorophyll a and b in Pfitzer juniper.

Growth response of two varieties of slash pine seedlings to chronic ozone exposures

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2369-2376 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Hogsett ◽  
M. Plocher ◽  
V. Wildman ◽  
D. T. Tingey ◽  
J. P. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Concentration ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Two geographical varieties of Pinus elliottii (Engelm.) seedlings, elliottii and densa, were exposed continuously to two daily peak exposure profiles of ozone having 7-h (0900–1600) seasonal means of 0.104 and 0.076 ppm and charcoal-filtered air over a 112-day period. The profiles represented a daily rise and decline of hourly ozone concentration. They were constructed with a daily hourly maximum, which for one profile (0.126 μL/L) exceeded the current ozone standard daily; the standard was not exceeded for the other profile (0.094 μL/L). Destructive harvests at 7-day intervals over the exposure period were employed to assess visible injury and to construct growth curves for stem diameter, plant height, top and root dry weight, and needle number and length. The visible injury was slight, yet all the growth parameters decreased significantly with time and ozone concentration; root growth was the most severely impacted. The observed growth response and visible injury of the two varieties were similar. Seed germination was not affected by ozone exposure.

Growth Responses of Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Phalaris aquatica to Chronic Ozone Exposure

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Horsman ◽  
AO Nicholls ◽  
DM Calder
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

D. glomerata, L. perenne and P. aquatica were exposed to 9 parts per hundred million ozone for 4 h per day on 5 days per week for 5 weeks. The grasses responded similarly and significant changes in growth were generally observed only at the end of the exposure. The changes in growth were accompanied by slight leaf chlorosis. Total dry weight and yield (above-ground dry weight) were significantly reduced (14-21%) by the treatment. Root growth was impaired the most, followed by stem and then leaves. Specific leaf area was generally lower in ozone-treated plants but the difference was not significant. Effects on relative growth rate were mainly due to the decrease in net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio remaining relatively unchanged.

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