Propagation of Abiesfraseri by cuttings: orthotropic shoot production from hedged stock plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrell C. Wise ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Shoot Production

Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) stock plants grown as transplants (4 years old) or sheared Christmas trees (14 years old) were subjected to independent combinations of hedging and chemical treatments to induce orthotropic shoot production. Decapitation treatments that removed the most top growth produced the greatest number of orthotropic shoots in each age-class after one growing season. Sprays of dikegulac at 1000 and 3000 ppm did not stimulate orthotropic shoot formation. Orthotropic shoots induced on maturing Christmas trees rooted in lower percentages than plagiotropic cuttings from similar nondecapitated trees. Since rooting and survival of the severed shoots were largely or totally unaffected by hedging treatments, decapitation treatments that produced the most shoots the 1st year continued to exhibit the most rooted cuttings at the end of the following season. At that time, superior treatments on 4- and 14-year-old plants had produced less than three and five rooted orthotropic shoots per stock plant, respectively. The stock plants received no additional hedging and were evaluated for shoot production after a second season. No treatment differences occurred within the older plants, but superior treatments from the 1st year tended to be retained within the transplants. In a separate study, orthotropic shoot production by severe decapitation was enhanced by maintaining low fertility.

scholarly journals Effect of Uniconazole on Shoot Growth and Budset of Containerized Fraser Fir

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Layne K. Snelling
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud

In two experiments, uniconazole (0.25 to 16 mg·L-1 a.i.) was applied as a root drench to containerized Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] at various times of the year. Leader length, stem diameter, length of laterals, and number of subterminal buds were reduced the following growing season. Treatment during the 1994 growing season reduced lateral bud formation on the leader in 1995, whereas treatment with 8 or 16 mg·L-1 in Mar. 1995 (prior to budbreak) increased it. Uniconazole caused needle discoloration and abscission at concentrations ≥4 mg·L-1. Leader growth was reduced more than branch elongation, which tended to make plants more decurrent. The utility of uniconazole in production of tabletop Fraser fir Christmas trees was unclear; reduced shoot elongation was often accompanied by fewer lateral buds and needle discoloration and/or abscission. Chemical name used: E-1-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-penten-3-ol) (uniconazole).

scholarly journals Correcting Loss of the Terminal Bud in Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Layne K. Snelling
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Terminal Bud

Various pruning treatments were evaluated to determine the best procedure to correct terminal bud loss in Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.]. Removing the top node (expanding terminal and subterminal buds) soon after budbreak combined with light pruning of the major branches in the next two lower whorls best restored a normal leader. This procedure allowed one or more shoots just below the cut to become orthotropic leaders in the first growing season. All but one of these shoots were removed, and only a single leader was retained after growth matured in late August or September.

scholarly journals Fraser Fir Tolerance and Weed Control with Hexazinone + Sulfometuron-methyl

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linglong Wei ◽  
Jarrod J. Morrice ◽  
Rodney V. Tocco ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sulfometuron Methyl ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Second Year

Experiments were conducted to test a new herbicide for posttransplant application in Christmas trees. A premix containing 68.6% hexazinone and 6.5% sulfometuron-methyl was applied at 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre plus 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant (NIS) to recently transplanted fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas trees and trees transplanted for 1 year in Spring 2008. The treatments were repeated on the same plots in 2009 and 2010. At Gobles, MI, trees treated with 7.5 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had increased stem diameter, after one growing season, and trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre had reduced leader length the second year. After 3 years, fraser fir trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 9.0 oz/acre had reduced tree height. Stem diameter, leader length, and number of leader buds were not statistically different from the untreated control. At Horton, MI, trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had reduced leader length after 1, 2, and 3 years. After 3 years, trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre were shorter than the untreated controls. There were no differences from the untreated trees in stem diameter of trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron after 3 years.

Crooked leaders and nutrition in Fraser fir Christmas trees

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
C. Ray Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Nutritional Guidelines ◽  
Sampling Position ◽  
Small Roots

Current-year foliage from the upper crown of Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) Christmas trees with normal and abnormally spiraled or crooked leaders was sampled monthly between July and November over a 3-year period. Bark, wood, and small roots were also collected in November 1988, and foliage was collected from the upper whorl and leader on two dates in 1989. Concentrations of several nutrients varied significantly between crooked and straight trees in some years, but not across all years. With several elements, changes in concentration during the growing season were inconsistent across years. Some differences were too small to be of practical significance; others favored trees with crooked leaders when compared with nutritional guidelines. Concentrations of all elements varied considerably among trees, and nearly all nutrients exhibited significant temporal changes in concentration during the growing season. Concentrations also varied by sampling position. Nitrogen concentration tended to be higher in the foliage of crooked trees. Because there was no consistent pattern of deficiency, excess, or imbalance for any particular nutrient, the crooked leader problem in Fraser fir appears to have no distinct nutritional basis.

scholarly journals Relations among Valencia orange yields with soil and leaf nutrients in Northwestern Paraná, Brazil

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonez Fidalski ◽  
Pedro Antonio Martins Auler ◽  
Valdomiro Tormem
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Leaf Nutrients ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
K Fertilization

The Valencia orange orchards established on soils of low fertility in the Northwest region of Paraná State, Brazil, have showed symptoms of Mg deficiency and reduced fruit yields. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between yield with soil and leaf nutrients during 1996/97 growing season. Two sites of low and high productivity were selected in seven orchards. Leaf and soil samples (fertilized rows and interrows) were collected in 1996. The results showed that the citrus yields were negatively related with soil Mg/K and Ca+Mg/K ratios in the fertilized rows, and fruit weight positively correlated with leaf Zn in the low productivity orchards. The fruit weight was positively related with leaf Ca and soil Ca in the fertilized rows of the high productivity orchards. The results suggested an adequate lime and K fertilization managements in the fertilized rows, as well as an adequate Zn supply.

Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frdéric Guay ◽  
Amy Bernier-Desmarais ◽  
Jean-François Doherty ◽  
Conrad Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.

The effects of summer shoot production on height growth components of seedlings of California red and white fir

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Hallgren ◽  
John A. Helms
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Needle Primordia

Morphogenesis of the terminal shoot was studied in 2-year-old seedlings of California red fir (Abiesmagnifica A. Murr.) and two elevational sources of white fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). Seedlings were either watered or left unwatered during the growing season in order to produce different shoot morphologies and seedlings with and without a summer shoot. Under favorable soil moisture, the frequency of summer shoot production was 32, 53, and 82% for red fir and high- and low-elevation white fir, respectively. Drought from mid-May to mid-September reduced summer shoot production to less than 1% in both species. Spring shoot morphology was not an indicator of capacity to produce a summer shoot. Rate of primordium production was directly related to apical dome diameter. However, when the normal spring increase in apical dome diameter was arrested by summer shoot elongation, the rate of primordium production appeared to be unaffected. Although the apical and subapical meristems were active at the same time, they did not appear to be antagonistic. The major effects of producing a summer shoot were as follows: (i) elongation of 60–120% more intemodes in the current growing season, (ii) production of 15–40% more needle primordia in the overwintering bud, (iii) production of 30–60% more primordia annually, and (iv) increase in the percentage of total primordium production that developed into needles from 60% to 75–80%.

Influence of irrigation on survival of Poa pratensis infected by Ustilago striiformis and Urocystis agropyri

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton F. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Flag Smut ◽  
Shoot Production

Irrigation increased the number of surviving plants of Poa pratensis 'Merion' infected with Ustilago striiformis (stripe smut) and Urocystis agropyri (flag smut) and stimulated the production of healthy shoots from infected plants. These effects were more pronounced with plants infected by U. striiformis. Nonirrigated plants infected by U. agropyri had died by the end of the second growing season: irrigation increased the survival of some U. agropyri infected plants to a third growing season and increased the survival of many U. striiformis infected plants for the same period. The number of healthy plants established from irrigated plants infected by U. striiformis also was much greater than those established from plants infected by U. agropyri. The pattern of development for healthy shoot production from infected plants differed for the respective pathogens. The reaction of U. striiformis and U. agropyri to irrigation suggests that U. agropyri is the more destructive of the two pathogens. The production of healthy shoots from infected plants may provide a means for evaluation of P. pratensis for resistance to U. striiformis.

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