White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Densities, Weed Control Practices, and Root Damage to Fraser Fir Christmas Trees in the Southern Appalachians

1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1072-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford M. R. Kard ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees

scholarly journals White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Population Density in Relation to Root Damage to Fraser Fir Seedlings in Transplant Beds

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-87
Author(s):  
R. Chris Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Larval Density ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Phyllophaga Anxia

Abstract A field experiment was conducted in 2002 to evaluate the effect of five grub densities of second instar Phyllophaga anxia (LeCont) Glasgow larvae on feeding damage to roots of young seedlings of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees in a transplant bed. Larval densities were equivalent to approximately 0, 31, 62, 93, and 124 larvae per m2 (≈ 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 larvae per ft2). Larval survival and variations in larval and seedling weight were also evaluated. Regardless of the larval density, when P. anxia grubs were present, all Fraser fir seedlings experienced significant root damage as well as subsequent plant injury (i.e., decline or mortality). Larval density as low as one grub per 0.11 m2 (≈ 3 larvae per ft2) caused heavy to severe root damage to young, two-year-old, P2-0 Fraser fir seedlings. An inverse relationship was observed between plant weight and root damage.

CHEMICAL1 CONTROL OF THREE WHITE GRUB SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) ATTACKING FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREES IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Bradford M. R. Kard ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Southern Appalachians ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
White Grubs ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Levels Of Control

Field experiments were conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to evaluate the efficacy of several insecticides for controlling white grubs infesting Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., Christmas trees and pastureland scheduled for fir plantings, and to evaluate insecticide phytotoxicity. The white grub complex consisted primarily of three species: Pyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Glasgow, P. fusca (Froelich) Glasgow, and Polyphylla comes Casey. Mean pretreatment white grub population densities ranged from 20.8 to 77.8 grubs per m2. Isazophos, diazinon, carbofuran, carbaryl, trichlorfon, chlorpyrifos, and isofenphos demonstrated a wide range of effectiveness in reducing populations while showing no phytotoxicity to grass sod or fir. Isazophos and diazinon applications provided the highest levels of control.

scholarly journals Fraser Fir Tolerance and Weed Control with Hexazinone + Sulfometuron-methyl

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linglong Wei ◽  
Jarrod J. Morrice ◽  
Rodney V. Tocco ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Sulfometuron Methyl ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Second Year

Experiments were conducted to test a new herbicide for posttransplant application in Christmas trees. A premix containing 68.6% hexazinone and 6.5% sulfometuron-methyl was applied at 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre plus 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant (NIS) to recently transplanted fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas trees and trees transplanted for 1 year in Spring 2008. The treatments were repeated on the same plots in 2009 and 2010. At Gobles, MI, trees treated with 7.5 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had increased stem diameter, after one growing season, and trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre had reduced leader length the second year. After 3 years, fraser fir trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 9.0 oz/acre had reduced tree height. Stem diameter, leader length, and number of leader buds were not statistically different from the untreated control. At Horton, MI, trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had reduced leader length after 1, 2, and 3 years. After 3 years, trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre were shorter than the untreated controls. There were no differences from the untreated trees in stem diameter of trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron after 3 years.

Effects of Frequency of Chemical Weed Control on Growth and Quality of Christmas Trees1

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Brown ◽  
Martin A. Spetich ◽  
Randall B. Heiligmann
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Tree Quality ◽  
Christmas Tree Species

Abstract Effective weed control is essential to the production of high-quality Christmas trees on most planting sites. Many growers use herbicides applied along rows of trees, in combination with mowing between rows, to control competing grasses and broadleaved weeds. This study evaluated one-time, biannual, and annual applications of herbicide during a 6-year period on growth and quality of different Christmas tree species planted on moderately dry and moist planting sites. Increased height growth from more frequent applications was limited primarily to the drier site, and even on that site rotation length would have been reduced by only 1 year. Christmas tree quality, as reflected by foliage density and tree weights, generally improved on both areas as herbicides were applied more frequently. Colorado spruce, Douglas-fir, and Fraser fir benefited more than Scotch and white pines. North. J. Appl. For. 6:15-17, March 1989.

scholarly journals Weed Control in Christmas Trees with Flumioxazin and Other Residual Herbicides Applied Alone or in Tank Mixtures

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Richardson ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Tree Injury

Four studies were conducted from 2001 to 2004 in Michigan to determine Christmas tree tolerance and weed control with flumioxazin and other herbicide treatments. In Study 1, fraser fir (Abies fraseri) leader length was greater with fall-applied flumioxazin (0.38 lb/acre) than with halosulfuron (0.21 lb/acre), isoxaben (1 lb/acre), oxyfluorfen (1 lb/acre), simazine (2 lb/acre), or sulfentrazone (0.5 lb/acre). Flumioxazin applied in the fall provided preemergent control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), field violet (Viola arvensis), and hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) 79% to 98% the following summer. Preemergence weed control with the other herbicides was more variable. In Study 2, fraser fir treated in the spring with oxyfluorfen had the shortest leader length (terminal stem growth of the current growing season) at 4.3 inches. Trees treated in the spring with flumioxazin, isoxaben, simazine, and sulfentrazone had leader lengths of 6.7 to 8.7 inches. Flumioxazin applied preemergence in the spring controlled common ragweed 80%, but controlled field violet, hoary alyssum, and white campion (Silene alba) only 43% to 64%. In Study 3, fall-applied flumioxazin alone did not injure colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens). However, mixtures of flumioxazin plus pendimethalin (3 lb/acre) caused 5% and 6% tree injury at 6 months after treatment (MAT) and sulfentrazone plus pendimethalin caused 9% and 23% injury at 6 MAT in 2003 and 2004, and 52% injury at 9 MAT in 2004. There was no significant injury to the trees treated with isoxaben plus pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin, or simazine plus pendimethalin in 2003 and 2004. Leader length was reduced by sulfentrazone plus pendimethalin compared with flumioxazin plus pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin. Flumioxazin plus pendimethalin provided 84% to 88% preemergence control of annual grasses, common catsear (Hypochoeris radicata), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), and virginia pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum). In Study 4, spring-applied mixtures of flumioxazin plus pendimethalin resulted in minor (2%–10%) visual injury to colorado blue spruce, although leader length at the end of the season did not differ significantly from the control. In summary, flumioxazin controlled several weed species with acceptable selectivity in colorado blue spruce and fraser fir Christmas trees.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiology of Newly Planted Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri) and Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) Christmas Trees in Response to Mulch and Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert M. Cregg ◽  
Pascal Nzokou ◽  
Ron Goldy
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
Hand Weeding

We evaluated height growth, diameter growth, and survival of newly planted fraser fir and colorado blue spruce Christmas trees in southwest Michigan in response to mulch, weed control, and irrigation. Mulches included black polyethylene, white polyethylene, VisPore mulch mats, and wood chips. Seedlings were also established with or without raised beds and with or without complete weed control. Weed control (mulches or a combination of chemical weed control and hand weeding) improved survival and growth of both species after 2 years. Growth was similar for trees in irrigated plots or with wood chip mulch without irrigation. Polyethylene mulch increased growth compared with similar production systems with raised beds and bare ground. Among production systems, variation in growth and survival reflected patterns of predawn water potential and midday shoot gas exchange, suggesting that differences were largely related to plant moisture stress. White mulch improved growth relative to similar production systems with black mulch and wood chip mulch improved growth compared with similar production systems without irrigation. Overall, the ranking of magnitude of growth response effects were weed control > irrigation > mulch. These results underscore the importance of weed control for establishment and maintenance of high-quality Christmas tree plantations.

Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frdéric Guay ◽  
Amy Bernier-Desmarais ◽  
Jean-François Doherty ◽  
Conrad Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Christmas Tree ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Status

AbstractThe pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), has the status of an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in Québec, Canada. The scale is not known to cause any significant damage yet and is not generally monitored by growers. However, it can be an obstacle for exportation to Christmas tree markets where scale insects are strictly regulated. In this study, we describe its life cycle in Christmas tree plantations in southern Québec. We confirm the presence of both parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the scale on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poiret (Pinaceae) grown as Christmas trees, and of parasitoid and Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) specialists that could contribute to its control.

scholarly journals Shearing Date Affects Growth and Quality of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1020-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Scott A. Derby
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Proximal Portion ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Future Leaders ◽  
Total Tree

Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees were sheared once annually over 4 years on dates ranging from July to March. Shearing reduced total tree growth. Trees sheared in July and August had the highest quality and retail value. Early shearing (July and August) yielded fewer leaders, longer leaders, and 35% to 66% more internodal branches on the leader, compared to later shearing (September through March). Early shearing also yielded more second-order laterals, followed by greater elongation of those laterals. Shearing late into the fall yielded progressively fewer branches, with the minimum in October. Shearing in March gave a little better results than October, but neither date was as good as July or August. In one experiment, two types of residual tip buds (bubble and whisker) were compared as future leaders. Differences in length and straightness of leaders derived from whisker and bubble buds were considered negligible in commercial shearing practice. The ratio of adaxial and abaxial buds on the proximal portion of the leader was about 1:1, and showed little change with shearing date. Distance from the base of the leader to the first abaxial branch also showed little variation among shearing dates.

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