Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. II. Biomass production in a 4-year plantation

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Major River ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
High Yields ◽  
River Valleys

Productivities of 5 black cottonwood clones from each of 10 source populations (50 clones in total) were compared at one plantation site in western Washington. The source populations are located west of the Cascade Mountains, between central Oregon and southern British Columbia. Most source stands represented populations in major river valleys. Individual clones were selected for superior form and growth rate. Spacing was 1.2 × 1.2 m (6944 stems•ha−1) and trees were harvested after 4 years. Considerable variation in mortality, height, and productivity were found among clones within individual stands and among stands. Southwestern clones were generally more productive. Heights of individual clones averaged between 8.5 and 11.8 m at 4 years. Average dry weight production of black cottonwood clones was 12.5 Mg•ha−1•year−1 and varied between 5.2 and 23.1 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for individual clones. Three new Populustrichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids planted in the trial were generally more productive than black cottonwood or the 'Robusta' hybrid, with average heights varying from 11.5 to 12.2 m and dry weight production ranging from 15.6 to 27.8 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for an average of 23.6 Mg•ha−1•year−1. The high yields in this experiment are attributed to favorable climate (1940 degree-days•year−1)3, cultural treatments (irrigation, N fertilization) and genetic constitution of certain clones. The data promise substantial gains in short-rotation productivity from combining clonal selection with interspecific hybridization.

Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. I. Morphology and phenology of 50 native clones

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Weber ◽  
R. F. Stettler ◽  
P. E. Heilman
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Major River ◽  
Continue Growth ◽  
Genetic Cline ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
River Valleys

Morphological and phenological variation among five black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) clones from each of 10 natural populations were studied at one plantation site in western Washington. Source populations are located in major river valleys, west of the Cascade Mountains, between central Oregon (latitude 44°44′ N) and southern British Columbia (latitude 49°05′ N). Populations and individual clones were selected for superior form and growth rate. Tested at a spacing of 1.2 × 1.2 m, the 50 clones displayed a large range of variation in 15 leaf, branch, and phenology characters studied. Clones and populations differed significantly in 14 and 10 characters, respectively. Population means for seven characters and a character association (principal component) varied clinally with source latitude, longitude, and (or) elevation. The most consistent genetic cline follows a geographic gradient from southwest to northeast: southwestern clones develop smaller leaves on more erect branches, and continue growth later in the fall. Variation patterns seem to reflect regional climatic gradients, annual disturbance in riparian environments, and the life history characteristics of the species. The results point to the great potential of clonal selection for black cottonwood improvement.

Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids.: IV. Performance in short-rotation coppice

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1257-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Major River ◽  
River Drainages

Resprouting after harvest and rapid growth of sprouts are often considered essential for success of close-spaced, short-rotation cultural systems. This study examined resprouting, subsequent growth, and dry weight production following the initial 4-year harvest of a "common garden" trial of 50 clones of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray. The clones were selected from 10 populations (sources) from major river drainages from western British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Additionally, three P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides (Bartr.) hybrids, a 'Robusta' clone, and a previously selected P. trichocarpa clone from Cottage Grove, Oregon, were included in the experiment. Mean yield of P. trichocarpa clones was 11.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1 (CV among clones = 61%) in the coppice rotation vs. 12.6 Mg•ha−1•year−1 (CV among clones = 40%) in the initial rotation; a difference that may, at least in part, be due to the use of less fertilizer in the coppice rotation. Nevertheless, a number of clones including the hybrids had higher yields in the coppice than in the initial rotation. Yield of clones in the coppice rotation was only moderately correlated with yield in the initial harvest (r2 = 0.48), but the same two clones, hybrids 11-11 and 11-05, were the top-producing clones in both rotations. Cumulative mortality of P. trichocarpa at the end of the experiment, including failed cuttings, averaged 36%, but was highly variable (range = 7–66% among clones). Yield in both harvests differed significantly among sources of P. trichocarpa. As with other components of productivity reported earlier, performance in coppice varied significantly among the 50 P. trichocarpa clones, and more so than in the first rotation. Populustrichocarpa clones identified as superior in coppicing in this experiment represent potential parents for new hybrids intended for short-rotation systems involving coppicing.

Nutritional concerns in selection of black cottonwood and hybrid clones for short rotation

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
P Utilization

Nitrogen in leaf fall and in aboveground tissue of close-spaced 4-year-old clones of black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray), Populustrichocarpa × Populusdeltoides Bartr. hybrids, and a 'Robusta' clone was determined. Phosphorus and calcium in the harvested material were also determined. Dry weight of leaf fall varied from 4.4 to 6.6 Mg ha−1 year−1 and it contained from 62 to 84 kg N ha−1. Estimated annual uptake of N in aboveground biomass and leaves ranged from 95 to 276 kg N ha−1 and was largely related to clonal productivity. Aboveground dry weight of woody biomass at the end of 4 years varied from 29 to 111 Mg ha−1 with the two trichocarpa × deltoides hybrids being the highest producers. Nutrients contained in aboveground woody biomass differed greatly among clones in this study, ranging from 95 to 420 kg N ha−1, 14 to 105 kg P ha−1, and 80 to 288 kg Ca ha−1. The N and P utilization efficiency of clones ranked as follows: black cottonwood > new hybrids > 'Robusta'. For Ca, the ranking was as follows: black cottonwood = new hybrids > 'Robusta'. From the standpoint of nutrient-use efficiency, as well as high yield, rooting of cuttings, sprouting after harvest, and other desirable features, black cottonwood offers clear advantages to be captured in breeding programs for short-rotation culture.

Influence of shoot age on growth and nutrient uptake patterns in a willow plantation

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Owe Nilsson ◽  
Tom Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Total N ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
One Year ◽  
Liquid Fertilization

The seasonal patterns of growth and nutrient uptake of a short-rotation Salixviminalis L. plantation located along the southeastern coast of Sweden were investigated during 1981. One-year-old shoots of clone 683 yielded 9.6 t dry weight ha−1 of stems and 4.2 t dry weight ha−1 of leaves; whereas the same cultural treatment during the 2nd year after coppicing yielded 13.3 and 8.2 t dry weight ha−1, respectively. Maximums in foliage dry weight occurred between early August and early September in the older shoots (6.3 t ha−1) and in late September in the younger shoots (3.5 t ha−1). Foliage and stem growth early in the season were markedly higher in the 2-year-old shoots than in the 1-year-old shoots. N uptake increased rapidly shortly after the first fertilizer application in all three investigated plots. Aboveground N uptake ranged from 140 to 191 kg ha−1 year−1. From the onset of liquid fertilization until the end of the growing season the aboveground N uptake ranged from 92 to 98 kg N ha−1; the total N fertilization during this period was 120 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen productivity varied between clones and was higher for 2- than for 1-year-old shoots. Greater relative amounts of biomass and N were allocated to leaves on the 2-year-old shoots. The amount of N allocated to stems for producing 11 of stem biomass decreased from 4.3 to 2.5 kg during the 2nd year after coppicing.

scholarly journals Production of cabbage grown in pots containing legumes' root and shoot

Revista CERES ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago de Oliveira Vargas ◽  
Ellen Rúbia Diniz ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽  
Alysson Roberto de Almeida ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant

Roots effect is not generally considered in studies assessing the performance of crops in response to green manuring. However, such effect can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of root and shoot of two legumes on the production of cabbage. The experiment was conducted in pots of 10 liters containing substrate of 2:1 soil/sand. The experiment was arranged in a factorial scheme (2x3 + 2) in a randomized block design with five replicates using two legume species (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis L), three plant parts (root, shoot, or whole plant), and two additional treatments (mineral fertilization with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage). Pots with legume treatments received mineral fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage. The experimental plot consisted of a pot containing one plant of cabbage. Legumes were grown in pots and harvested at 78 days. The root biomass was determined in extra pots. Production was assessed using head fresh and dry weight. The application of the whole plant of both legume species reduced cabbage production. However, root or shoot of both legume species was equivalent to 50% of mineral N fertilization required for the cultivation of cabbage.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis sensitivity to NH4+-N change with nitrogen fertilizer type

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nasraoui-Hajaji ◽  
H. Gouia
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Inhibitory Site ◽  
Tomato Growth ◽  
Non Photochemical Quenching

N-fertilization type affected differently tomato growth. In the field experiment, hydroponic cultures were conducted using NO<sub>3</sub>-N (5 mmol); mixture of KNO<sub>3</sub>-N (3 mmol) and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-N (2 mmol); NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N (5 mmol) or urea&nbsp;(5 mmol) as nitrogen source. Compared to nitrate, ammonium and urea had negative effects on morphology and dry matter production. Effects of the different nitrogen forms were investigated by measuring several photosynthesis parameters and chl a fluorescence. Two different significant types of reaction were found. When nitrogen was added as ammonium or urea, dry weight, chlorophyll tenor, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic activity were inhibited. Supply of ammonium or urea, reduced the ratio (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>), photochemical quenching and enhanced the non photochemical quenching. These data suggest that the adverse decrease in tomato growth under ammonium or urea supply may be related principally to inhibition of net photosynthesis activity. The high non photochemical quenching shown in tomato fed with ammonium or urea indicated that PS II was the inhibitory site of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N which was directly uptaken by roots, or librated via urea hydrolysis cycle.

A Test of Close-Spaced, Short-Rotation Culture of Black Cottonwood

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Heilman ◽  
D. V. Peabody Jr. ◽  
D. S. DeBell ◽  
R. F. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Fiber Production ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Rotation Culture ◽  
Slight Damage

Yield of black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. and Gray) in 2-year rotations was affected in the first rotation by spacing and fertilization. Closest spacing (0.30 × 0.30 m) resulted in highest yield in the first rotation whereas in the second rotation, yield was not significantly affected by spacing. The average fresh weight yields were 13.4 tons/hectare/year in the first harvest and 20.9 tons/hectare/year in the second harvest. Initial fertilization with both N, and N, P, and K fertilizers improved growth in the first harvest but not in the second. During the first year, triazine herbicides controlled weeds but caused slight damage to the plants. Although there were no significant differences in yield between the herbicides, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) reduced survival and first year height growth below that obtained with propazine (2-chloro-4, 6-bis[isopropylamino]-s-triazine) or simazine (2-chloro-4, 6-bis-ethylamino-s-triazine). Yield results and limited pulping studies show that short rotation black cottonwood has potential value for pulp fiber production.

scholarly journals Growth, Critical N Concentration and Crop N Demand in Butterhead and Crisphead Lettuce Grown under Mediterranean Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conversa ◽  
Elia
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Butterhead Lettuce ◽  
N Demand ◽  
N Use ◽  
Critical N Concentration

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizers are applied in lettuce causing both environmental issues and N crop luxury consumption. In order to improve the N use efficiency (NUE) by defining optimal crop growth and N requirements of butterhead and crisphead lettuce, two field experiments were conducted using 0, 50, and 100 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer to study (i) the growth and productivity, (ii) the NUE, (iii) the critical N dilution curve, and (iv) the N demand. Nitrogen supply enhanced dry weight (DW) accumulation in the butterhead (from 295 to 410 g m−2), but not in the crisphead type (251 g m−2). The NUE indices underlined the poor ability of the crisphead type in absorbing soil N and also in the utilization of the absorbed N for producing DW. The critical N dilution curves %Nc = 3.96 DW−0.205 and %Nc = 3.65 DW−0.115 were determined for crisphead and butterhead lettuce, respectively. Based on these type-specific %Nc curves, the estimated N demand was 125 kg ha−1 in the butterhead and 80 kg ha−1 in the crisphead lettuce for producing 4.3 and 2.5 Mg ha−1 of DW, respectively, under Mediterranean climate. Neither N fertilization nor genotype affected crop productivity.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Starvation and Nitrate or Ammonium Availability Differently Affect Phenolic Composition in Green and Purple Basil

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhakti Prinsi ◽  
Noemi Negrini ◽  
Silvia Morgutti ◽  
Luca Espen
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Phenolic Composition ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Phenolic Metabolism ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
N Starvation ◽  
High Yields ◽  
The Relationship

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) comprises green and purple cultivars, worldwide cultivated and appreciated for high contents of rosmarinic acid and anthocyanins, respectively. Although nitrogen (N) fertilization is needed for high yields, in basil it could have detrimental effects on the accumulation of phenolic compounds. In this study, plants of the cultivars ‘Italiano Classico’ (green) and ‘Red Rubin’ (purple) were grown in hydroponics and subjected to different nutritional treatments, consisting in N starvation, and nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+) nutrition. Plant growth and nutritional status, estimated by the contents of NO3−, NH4+, and amino acids in roots and leaves, were evaluated and put in relation with quality traits of basil leaves, such as chlorophyll content, antioxidant capacity, total phenols, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and the concentrations of individual (poly)phenolic acids and flavonoids. This study reveals that N starvation, as well as the availability of the two inorganic N forms, differently affect the phenolic composition in the two cultivars. Compared to plants grown in NO3− availability, in NH4+ availability, green basil showed a higher content of (poly)phenolic acids, while in purple basil, an increase in the contents of anthocyanins was detected. Overall, the study suggests that the management of NH4+ supply could contribute to enhance crop quality in hydroponics, and provides new knowledge about the relationship between N nutrition and phenolic metabolism in basil.

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