Nutritional concerns in selection of black cottonwood and hybrid clones for short rotation

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
P Utilization

Nitrogen in leaf fall and in aboveground tissue of close-spaced 4-year-old clones of black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray), Populustrichocarpa × Populusdeltoides Bartr. hybrids, and a 'Robusta' clone was determined. Phosphorus and calcium in the harvested material were also determined. Dry weight of leaf fall varied from 4.4 to 6.6 Mg ha−1 year−1 and it contained from 62 to 84 kg N ha−1. Estimated annual uptake of N in aboveground biomass and leaves ranged from 95 to 276 kg N ha−1 and was largely related to clonal productivity. Aboveground dry weight of woody biomass at the end of 4 years varied from 29 to 111 Mg ha−1 with the two trichocarpa × deltoides hybrids being the highest producers. Nutrients contained in aboveground woody biomass differed greatly among clones in this study, ranging from 95 to 420 kg N ha−1, 14 to 105 kg P ha−1, and 80 to 288 kg Ca ha−1. The N and P utilization efficiency of clones ranked as follows: black cottonwood > new hybrids > 'Robusta'. For Ca, the ranking was as follows: black cottonwood = new hybrids > 'Robusta'. From the standpoint of nutrient-use efficiency, as well as high yield, rooting of cuttings, sprouting after harvest, and other desirable features, black cottonwood offers clear advantages to be captured in breeding programs for short-rotation culture.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on leaf area, light interception, and productivity of short-rotation Populustrichocarpa × Populusdeltoides hybrids

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
Xie Fu-Guang
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Annual Biomass

Nitrogen treatment consisted of spring applications of ammonium nitrate at the rate of 167 kg N•ha−1•year−1 repeated for 3 years starting in the 2nd year after the planting of six Populus hybrids. No response to fertilizer was evident either in bole growth or leaves in year 2, but in year 3, fertilization caused a 14% increase in leaf size (upper terminal leaves), a 54% increase in leaf-fall mass, and a 58% increase in leaf area index (L, m2•m−2). Leaf and canopy responses were not as large in year four, i.e., a 32% increase in leaf-fall mass and a 31% increase in L. Biomass response to nitrogen, reported in an earlier paper, was a 24% increase in dry weight at the end of 4 years. This total was the result of a very large and significant dry weight response to nitrogen in year 3 (about 40%), and a small, nonsignificant response of about 8% in year 4. Leaf-fall means ranged from 3.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1 in year 3 on control plots to 5.8 Mg•ha−1•year−1 on fertilized plots in year 4. Means for L ranged from 3.8 on control plots in year 3 to 8.5 on fertilized plots in year 4. Plotting annual production of aboveground woody biomass versus L revealed a curvilinear relationship described by the polynomial model y = 6.92x − 0.18x2 (r2 = 0.963), where y is the current annual biomass production in Mg•ha−1•year−1 and x = L. Calculation of the extinction coefficient (k) in the Beer–Lambert equation indicated decreased efficiency of the canopies in capturing light in year 4 (k = 0.48) compared with year 3 (k = 0.63). Fertilization had no effect on k in either year. Efficiency of the leaf area in producing biomass per unit of L (E) was lower (though not significantly) on fertilized plots than on control plots (E = 5.3 vs. 5.8 Mg•ha−1•year−1•L−1, respectively). In contrast with the indications from the k-values, E appeared to increase in year 4 compared with year 3 (5.8 vs. 5.4 Mg•ha−1•year−1•L−1, respectively), a contradiction that could arise from a change in carbon allocation favoring aboveground over belowground tissues. The limited response of woody biomass to nitrogen in year 4 appears to be a consequence of the large increase in canopy density (L) on the control plots in that year compared with fertilized plots. The average for L on control plots was higher in year 4 than it was on fertilized plots in year 3. Also contributing to the limited response to nitrogen in year 4 were lower leaf area efficiencies at the high levels of L on the fertilized plots in year 4.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Phosphorous Uptake and Utilization Efficiency Traits Using GWAS in Mungbean

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Venkata Ravi Prakash Reddy ◽  
Shouvik Das ◽  
Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Gyan Prakash Mishra ◽  
Muraleedhar S. Aski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
P Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorous Uptake

Mungbean (Vignaradiata L. Wilczek) is an early maturing legume grown predominantly in Asia for its protein-rich seeds. P deficiency can lead to several physiological disorders which ultimately result in a low grain yield in mungbean. The genetic dissection of PUpE (Puptake efficiency) and PUtE (P utilization efficiency) traits are essential for breeding mungbean varieties with a high P uptake and utilization efficiency. The study involves an association mapping panel consisting of 120 mungbean genotypes which were phenotyped for total dry weight, P concentration, total P uptake, and P utilization efficiency under low P (LP) and normal P (NP) conditions in a hydroponic system. A genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) based genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach was employed to dissect the complexity of PUpE and PUtE traits at the genetic level in mungbean. This has identified 116 SNPs in 61 protein-coding genes and of these, 16 have been found to enhance phosphorous uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbeans. We identified six genes with a high expression (VRADI01G04370, VRADI05G20860, VRADI06G12490, VRADI08G20910, VRADI08G00070 and VRADI09G09030) in root, shoot apical meristem and leaf, indicating their role in the regulation of P uptake and utilization efficiency in mungbean. The SNPs present in three genes have also been validated using a Sanger sequencing approach.

scholarly journals   Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on phosphorus efficiency of wheat grown in an Inceptisol of subtropical India

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
A. Swarup ◽  
A.K. Patra ◽  
J.U. Chandrakala ◽  
K.M. Manjaiah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Utilization

In a phytotron experiment, wheat was grown under two levels of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> [ambient (385 ppm) vs. elevated (650 ppm)], two levels of temperature (ambient vs. ambient +3&deg;C) superimposed with three levels of phosphorus (P) fertilization: 0, 100, and 200% of recommended dose. Various measures of P acquisition and utilization efficiency were estimated at crop maturity. In general, dry matter yields of all plant parts increased under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (EC) and decreased under elevated temperature (ET); however, under concurrently elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature (ECT), root (+36%) and leaf (+14.7%) dry weight increased while stem (&ndash;12.3%) and grain yield (&ndash;17.3%) decreased, leading to a non-significant effect on total biomass yield. Similarly, total P uptake increased under EC and decreased under ET, with an overall increase of 17.4% under ECT, signifying higher P requirements by plants grown thereunder. Although recovery efficiency of applied P fertilizer increased by 27%, any possible benefit of this increase was negated by the reduced physiological P efficiency (PPE) and P utilization efficiency (PUtE) under ECT. Overall, there was ~17% decline in P use efficiency (PUE) (i.e. grain yield/applied P) of wheat under ECT. &nbsp;

Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. II. Biomass production in a 4-year plantation

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Heilman ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Major River ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
High Yields ◽  
River Valleys

Productivities of 5 black cottonwood clones from each of 10 source populations (50 clones in total) were compared at one plantation site in western Washington. The source populations are located west of the Cascade Mountains, between central Oregon and southern British Columbia. Most source stands represented populations in major river valleys. Individual clones were selected for superior form and growth rate. Spacing was 1.2 × 1.2 m (6944 stems•ha−1) and trees were harvested after 4 years. Considerable variation in mortality, height, and productivity were found among clones within individual stands and among stands. Southwestern clones were generally more productive. Heights of individual clones averaged between 8.5 and 11.8 m at 4 years. Average dry weight production of black cottonwood clones was 12.5 Mg•ha−1•year−1 and varied between 5.2 and 23.1 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for individual clones. Three new Populustrichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids planted in the trial were generally more productive than black cottonwood or the 'Robusta' hybrid, with average heights varying from 11.5 to 12.2 m and dry weight production ranging from 15.6 to 27.8 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for an average of 23.6 Mg•ha−1•year−1. The high yields in this experiment are attributed to favorable climate (1940 degree-days•year−1)3, cultural treatments (irrigation, N fertilization) and genetic constitution of certain clones. The data promise substantial gains in short-rotation productivity from combining clonal selection with interspecific hybridization.

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH TETRAPLOID MEADOW CLOVER

1970 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
N. I. Kasatkina ◽  
Zh. S. Nelyubina
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
The Third

The biological properties of plants, their mutual relations under different growth conditions and at different periods of their life, must be known for obtaining highly productive agrophytocenoses with participation of a meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Botanical composition and fodder productivity of perennial grasses in agrocenoses with participation of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik were studied in 2014-2017. It was revealed that in the first and second years of use the agrophytocenosis, the yield of green mass was formed due to meadow tetraploid clover, the share of its participation in the first mowing was at level of 71-87% and 64-97% respectively. Specific weight of clover in multispecies agrocenoses considerably decreased by the third year of use: in the first mowing up to 32-68%, in the second - up to 8-52%. At the same time, the percentage of long-term herbaceous grasses increased: meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.) - up to 34-54%, eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) - up to 33%, changeable alfalfa (Medicago x varia Martyn) - up to 22-54%, lotus corniculatus (Lotus corniculatus L.) - up to 14-19%. The proportion of weed admixture in single-species clover planting was 12%, in agrocenoses - 2-14%. The grass mixtures clover + timothy and clover + alfalfa + timothy were less infested by weeds. High yield of dry weight of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use - 7.8 and 6.5 tons / ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover has decreased to 2.9 t / ha. On average, for three years of use, the highest yield (6.2-6.3 t / ha) was formed by agrocenoses meadow tetraploid clover + meadow timothy and meadow tetraploid clover + changeable alfalfa + meadow timothy.

scholarly journals Vegetative and Reproductive Response to Fruit Load in Two Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Aviad Perry ◽  
Noemi Tel-Zur ◽  
Arnon Dag
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Fruit Load

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a wax crop cultivated mainly in arid and semi-arid regions. This crop has been described as an alternate-bearing plant, meaning that it has a high-yield year (“on-year”) followed by a low-yield year (“off-year”). We investigated the effect of fruit load on jojoba’s vegetative and reproductive development. For two consecutive years, we experimented with two high-yielding cultivars—Benzioni and Hazerim—which had opposite fruit loads, i.e., one was under an on-year load, while the other was under an off-year load simultaneously. We found that removing the developing fruit from the shoot during an off-year promotes further vegetative growth in the same year, whereas in an on-year, this action has no effect. Moreover, after fruit removal in an on-year, there was a delay in vegetative growth renewal in the consecutive year, suggesting that the beginning of the growing period is dependent on the previous year’s yield load. We found that seed development in the 2018 season started a month earlier than in the 2017 season in both cultivars, regardless of fruit load. This early development was associated with higher wax content in the seeds. Hence, the wax accumulation rate, as a percentage of dry weight, was affected by year and not by fruit load. However, on-year seeds stopped growing earlier than off-year seeds, resulting in smaller seeds and an overall lower amount of wax per seed.

scholarly journals Poplar breeding for the purpose of biomass production in short rotation periods in Germany: Problems and first findings

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Weisgerber
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Rotation Periods ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
European North ◽  
Basic Plant ◽  
Poplar Breeding ◽  
First Results

Investigations so far on the suitability of poplars for biomass production in short rotation periods in Germany were conducted almost exclusively with clones conceived for conventional cultivation. To introduce improved plant material, a special breeding program was implemented in Hann. Münden. It takes into consideration the most important criteria of suitability for the new form of land utilization. A report is given on findings so far from the realization of this program. Comprehensive basic plant material is available for European, North American and East Asian species from the sections Aigeiros, Leuce and Tacamahaca. Interspecific crossings are being carried out mainly in order to make the best possible use of combination and heterosis effects. A period of at least 20 years is necessary to develop new cultivars with high yield performance and yield stability. First results are presented on hybrids of species which are site-tolerant, resistant and particularly fast-growing at the juvenile phase. Plans to produce multiclonal varieties, each with 5 to 10 suitable clones with the same growing rhythm are in place. Special cultivation recommendations advocate clonal mixtures for each of the most important site units and for different rotation periods of from 2 to 5, 6 to 10 and more than 10 years. Key words: poplar, breeding, biomass, short rotation

scholarly journals Identification of genetic factors controlling phosphorus utilization efficiency in wheat by genome-wide association study with principal component analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luqman Bin Safdar ◽  
Muhammad Jawad Umer ◽  
Fakhrah Almas ◽  
Siraj Uddin ◽  
Qurra-tul-Ain Safdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Study ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
P Utilization Efficiency

ABSTRACTDespite the economic importance of P utilization efficiency, information on genetic factors underlying this trait remains elusive. To address that, we performed a genome-wide association study in a spring wheat diversity panel ranging from landraces to elite varieties. We evaluated the phenotype variation for P utilization efficiency in controlled conditions and genotype variation using wheat 90K SNP array. Phenotype variables were transformed into a smaller set of uncorrelated principal components that captured the most important variation data. We identified two significant loci associated with both P utilization efficiency and the 1st principal component on chromosomes 3A and 4A: qPE1-3A and qPE2-4A. Annotation of genes at these loci revealed 53 wheat genes, among which 6 were identified in significantly enriched pathways. The expression pattern of these 6 genes indicated that TraesCS4A02G481800, involved in pyruvate metabolism and TCA cycle, had a significantly higher expression in the P efficient variety under limited P conditions. Further characterization of these loci and candidate genes can help stimulate P utilization efficiency in wheat.KEY MESSAGEWe report two new loci for P utilization efficiency on chromosomes 3A and 4A of wheat. The prioritized candidate genes at these loci can be investigated by molecular biology techniques to improve P efficiency in wheat and grass relatives.

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