Some physiological and morphological responses of Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings to flooding

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Morphological Responses

Flooding for 30 days induced several changes in Quercusmacrocarpa Michx. seedlings, with stomatal closure among the earliest responses. Stomata remained more closed in flooded than in unflooded plants during the entire experimental period. Leaf water potential was consistently higher in flooded than in unflooded plants. Other responses to flooding included acceleration of ethylene production by stems; formation of hypertrophied lenticels on submerged portions of stems; growth inhibition, with greatest reduction in roots; and formation of a few adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem above the soil line. Some of the morphological responses to flooding, especially formation of hypertrophied lenticels, appeared to be associated with increased ethylene production. Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings adapted poorly to flooding as shown by failure of stomata to reopen after an early period of flooding and low capacity for production of adventitious roots. The much greater inhibition of root growth than shoot growth by flooding will reduce drought tolerance after floodwaters recede.

Responses of Ulmus americana seedlings to flooding of soil

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1688-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Newsome ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski ◽  
Z. C. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Flooding Period

Flooding of soil induced several physiological, morphological, and growth changes in 12- or 13-week-old Ulmus americana L. seedlings. Among the early responses to flooding was stomatal closure, without subsequent reopening, in leaves that were fully expanded by the time flooding was initiated. However, flooding did not induce stomatal closure of leaves that completed expansion during the flooding period. Flooding greatly accelerated production of ethylene by stems. Other responses to flooding included stem swelling; production of hypertrophied lenticels and abundant adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem; reduction in leaf formation and expansion; and inhibition of dry weight increment of leaves, stems, and roots. Some of the morphological responses to flooding appeared to be associated with accelerated ethylene production. The much greater reduction in root growth over leaf growth in flooded seedlings will create leaf water deficits and predispose seedlings to drought injury after the flood waters recede.

scholarly journals 102 EFFECT OF BACKFILL AND PLANTING BED AMENDMENTS ON GROWTH AND DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF ACER RUBRUM

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 442g-443
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Smalley ◽  
Carleton B. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
First Year ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Expanded Shale

Commonly used planting techniques and soil amendments were compared to determine their effect on root growth, shoot growth, and drought tolerance of 2.5 cm caliper Acer rubrum. Study I: Trees were planted on 6 April 1992 into holes backfilled with 1) native soil, 2) 50% aged pine bark: 50% native soil, 3) 50% Mr. Natural™:50% native soil, or 4) 100% Mr. Natural™. Mr. Natural™ consists of granite sand, expanded shale, and composted poultry litter. After two years, no differences in growth or survival existed. Study II: On 8 April 1992, trees were planted in 1) unamended planting holes, 2) tilled planting beds, or 3) tilled and pine bark-amended planting beds. Five months after planting, the root growth in the tilled and tilled-amended beds did not differ, but both had more root growth than planting holes. Amendment-induced nitrogen deficiency reduced shoot growth of the tilled-amended treatment during the first year. After two years, the planting hole treatment exhibited the least shoot growth, while shoot growth of tilled and tilled-amended treatments did not differ. StudyIII: Selected trees in study II were drought stressed for 8 weeks beginning 4 August 1993. No differences in relative leaf water content among treatments were observed Results suggest that native soil should be used as backfill in planting holes; however, tilling a planting bed increases root and shoot growth compared to planting in a hole. Amending beds with pine bark did not increase growth or drought tolerance.

scholarly journals 531 CMN-Pyrazole-induced Abscission of Mature `Valencia' Oranges in Relation to Young Fruit, Root, and Shoot Growth

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 487A-487
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Ulrich Hartmond ◽  
Walter J. Kender
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Detachment Force ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

The seasonal abscission response of mature `Valencia' oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.)Osb.] to 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMN-Pyrazole) was examined in relation to young fruit, shoot, and root growth. CMN-Pyrazole dramatically increased ethylene production in fruit and effectively reduced the fruit detachment force (FDF), except in a period of reduced response to CMN-Pyrazole in early May. Root growth was inhibited by trunk girdling, in combination with removal of spring vegetative flushes and flowers, but not by their removal alone. During the responsive period, there was no difference in both ethylene production and FDF of CMN-Pyrazole-treated mature oranges between 1) the unmanipulated trees and those manipulated by either 2) girdling, removal of spring flushes and flowers, or 3) removal of flushes and flowers alone. However, during the less-responsive period, ethylene production in CMN-Pyrazole-treated mature oranges was significantly lower while the FDF was higher from non-manipulated trees than from trees treated by either girdling and removal of flush, or only removal of flush. There was no difference in either ethylene production or FDF of CMN-Pyrazole-treated mature oranges between trees manipulated by girdling and removal of flush, and those by removal of flush alone. Flush growth terminated at least 2 weeks before the onset of the less responsive period. This suggests that the hormones from rapidly growing young fruit may be responsible for the less responsive period.

scholarly journals Changes in Root and Shoot Growth and Biomass Partition Resulting from Different Irrigation Intervals for Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1634-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilma Daniela Silva ◽  
Michael E. Kane ◽  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Wetting And Drying Cycles ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Ligustrum Japonicum

Although effects of irrigation frequency and volumes on overall plant establishment and growth have been reported, previous research has not examined how intermittent exposure to substrate water limitation affects partitioning of growth between root tips and buds and how this influences episodic growth patterns. The research presented here examines these effects on Ligustrum japonicum during the establishment period. Plants were exposed to two irrigation treatments: short wetting and drying cycles (SC, 2 days) and long wetting and drying cycles (LC, 7 days). Intermittent water limitations (LC) resulted in new shoot dry mass reductions of ≈28% compared with well-irrigated counterparts, particularly diminishing leaf growth. Water limitation effects on root-to-shoot ratio were dependent on plant growth stage. LC increased root-to-shoot ratios only when plants were at shoot flush, resulting in poor correlations (r = 0.53) between this ratio and differential percent volumetric water content, which was directly influenced by irrigation frequency. Patterns of shoot and root growth varied considerably between these clonal plants, which may be an important consideration on analyses of populations of woody plants. Large periods of episodic growth were not observed for most of the experimental period, but only after plant establishment. Root growth was similar in both treatments and there was no clear arresting of root growth during the experimental period. SC plants started bud expansion earlier than LC and had more shoot flushes and cumulative shoot growing points. A 7-day irrigation cycle was sufficient to establish two-year-old L. japonicum plants; however, shoot growth was less pronounced than root growth compared with plants irrigated on a 2-day cycle.

scholarly journals 991 REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES TO LOW SOIL WATER POTENTIALS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 571b-571
Author(s):  
Robert E. Shar
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Water Potentials

Plant water deficits usually result in severe inhibition of shoot growth, while root growth is less inhibited or even promoted. Recent advances in understanding the physiology of the differential responses of root and shoot growth to low water potentials will be reviewed. While it might be readily accepted that hormones arc important in transducing environmental conditions into growth responses, there is surprisingly little definitive evidence for the role of any hormone in regulating plant growth in soils of low water potential. Using maize seedlings as a model system, the increase in ABA that accompanies plant water deficits has been shown to be required for root growth maintenance, and also to play a role in shoot growth inhibition. The action of ABA in root growth maintenance appears to involve regulation of ethylene synthesis and/or sensitivity, while the mechanism of shoot growth inhibition is not known. Evidence that ABA acts as a root `signal controlling shoot growth in drying soil will also be considered. The importance of osmotic adjustment as a mechanism of growth maintenance at low water potentials has been questioned by suggestions that solute accumulation may be merely a consequence of stress-induced growth inhibition. Recent studies will be discussed which do not support this idea, and suggest that the response may be useful for crop improvement.

Sensitive to Proton Rhizotoxicity1 Regulates Salt and Drought Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana through Transcriptional Regulation of CIPK23

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2113-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayan Sadhukhan ◽  
Takuo Enomoto ◽  
Yuriko Kobayashi ◽  
Toshihiro Watanabe ◽  
Satoshi Iuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Dna Insertion ◽  
Insertion Mutants

Abstract The transcription factor sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity 1 (STOP1) regulates multiple stress tolerances. In this study, we confirmed its involvement in NaCl and drought tolerance. The root growth of the T-DNA insertion mutant of STOP1 (stop1) was sensitive to NaCl-containing solidified MS media. Transcriptome analysis of stop1 under NaCl stress revealed that STOP1 regulates several genes related to salt tolerance, including CIPK23. Among all available homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants of the genes suppressed in stop1, only cipk23 showed a NaCl-sensitive root growth phenotype comparable to stop1. The CIPK23 promoter had a functional STOP1-binding site, suggesting a strong CIPK23 suppression led to NaCl sensitivity of stop1. This possibility was supported by in planta complementation of CIPK23 in the stop1 background, which rescued the short root phenotype under NaCl. Both stop1 and cipk23 exhibited a drought tolerant phenotype and increased abscisic acid-regulated stomatal closure, while the complementation of CIPK23 in stop1 reversed these traits. Our findings uncover additional pleiotropic roles of STOP1 mediated by CIPK23, which regulates various ion transporters including those regulating K+-homeostasis, which may induce a trade-off between drought tolerance and other traits.

Phytotoxicity of Trifluralin Vapors from Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Swann ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Exposure

Foxtail millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv. ‘Empire’] and proso millet(Panicum miliaceumL. ‘White’) seedlings were grown in glass units to expose selectively either roots or shoots to vapors arising from soil containinga,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). The root and shoot growth of both species was inhibited by trifluralin vapors. Suppression of root and shoot growth increased as trifluralin application rates increased. In shoot exposure, vapors arising from soil treated with 5 ppmw of trifluralin were lethal to seedlings of both species. In root exposure, root growth of both species was severely suppressed at 20 ppmw, but shoot growth was unaffected. Phytotoxic effects resulting from a given concentration of trifluralin were more severe as greater carrier volumes were used for application. Trifluralin vapors arising from soil 16 to 22 days after treatment were still sufficient to cause shoot growth inhibition.

scholarly journals Ambiol Preconditioning Can Induce Drought Tolerance in Abscisic Acid-deficient Tomato Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1890-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mason T. MacDonald ◽  
Rajasekaran R. Lada ◽  
Jeff Hoyle ◽  
A. Robin Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Dependent Pathway

Ambiol, a derivative of 5-hydroxybenzimidazole, has been well documented to function as a growth promoter, an antistress compound, and an antioxidant when applied as a seed preconditioning agent. However, evidence suggests that Ambiol decreases transpiration and promotes root growth similar to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), leading to the development of the hypothesis that Ambiol promotes drought resistance through an ABA-dependent pathway. The effect of 0 mg·L−1 and 10 mg·L−1 was tested on wild-type tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Scotia), ABA-deficient flacca tomato seedlings, and ABA-inhibited (with fluridone) tomato seedlings. In both fluridone-treated and flacca seedlings, Ambiol preconditioning resulted in significant increases in shoot growth, root growth, leaf area, and plant height consistent with gains experienced by wild-type tomatoes. In addition, flacca tomatoes experienced increases in photosynthesis and water use efficiency consistent with wild-type tomatoes. Ambiol was able to confer benefits to drought-stressed tomatoes in ABA-deficient and ABA-inhibited conditions, suggesting that Ambiol functions through an ABA-independent pathway.

scholarly journals Physiological Factors Affecting Response of Mature `Valencia' Orange Fruit to CMN-Pyrazole. I. Effects of Young Fruit, Shoot, and Root Growth

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Ulrich Hartmond ◽  
Angela Grant ◽  
Walter J. Kender
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth ◽  
Inhibit Root Growth

Influence of young fruit, shoot, and root growth on response of mature `Valencia' oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] to the abscission chemical CMN-pyrazole was examined in 1999 and 2000. CMN-pyrazole dramatically increased ethylene production in mature fruit and reduced the fruit detachment force (FDF), except during a period of reduced response to CMN-pyrazole in early May when spring vegetative growth, young fruit of the following year's crop, and mature fruit were all on the trees. Removal of spring flushes, which included spring vegetative shoots and leafy and leafless inflorescences, prevented any young fruit and shoot growth, but did not inhibit root growth. However, trunk girdling in combination with removal of spring flushes not only prevented growth of young fruit and shoots but also inhibited root growth. During the responsive period, there were no differences in either ethylene production or FDF of CMN-pyrazole-treated mature oranges between 1) the nonmanipulated trees and those manipulated by either 2) removal of spring flushes alone, or 3) in combination with trunk girdling. However, during the less responsive period, ethylene production in CMN-pyrazole-treated mature oranges was significantly lower while the FDF was higher in nonmanipulated trees than in trees treated by either removal of spring flushes alone, or in combination with trunk girdling. There was no difference in either fruit ethylene production or FDF between trees manipulated by (2) removal of spring flushes alone, and (3) removal of spring flushes in combination with trunk girdling regardless of CMN-pyrazole application. Shoot growth terminated at least 2 weeks before the onset of the less responsive period. Removal of young fruit increased response of mature fruit to CMN-pyrazole during the less responsive period. This suggests that hormones from rapidly growing young fruit may be responsible for the occurrence of the less responsive period. Chemical name used: 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMN-pyrazole).

Inhibited Mitotic Entry is the Cause of Growth Inhibition by Cinmethylin

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmound H. El-Deek ◽  
F. Dan Hess
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Mitotic Arrest ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Mitotic Entry ◽  
Mitotic Frequency

The herbicide cinmethylin {exo-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-2-[(2-methylphenyl)methoxy]-7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane} inhibited oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Porter’) root growth during the first 6 h of treatment at a concentration of 6.7 × 10-8M. A concentration of 1 × 10-8M cinmethylin inhibited root growth within 12 to 18 h. Inhibition of shoot growth was less sensitive, but was inhibited by 36 to 48 h after treatment with 1 × 10-7M and by 12 to 24 h after treatment with 1 × 10-5M cinmethylin. Cinmethylin concentrations of 1 × 10-5M and lower did not inhibit cell elongation in isolated oat coleoptiles during a 24-h exposure. Mitotic frequency in oat root tips was reduced after 12 h of treatment with 1 × 10-7M cinmethylin. The frequency of all stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, and anaphase + telophase) was reduced. Concentrations of 1 × 10-6M cinmethylin resulted in nearly complete arrest (87% inhibition) of mitosis. These data suggest cinmethylin inhibits growth by inhibiting entry of cells into mitosis. The cause of mitotic arrest is unknown; however, the mechanism appears to be different from other herbicides known to inhibit mitosis.

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