Responses of Ulmus americana seedlings to flooding of soil

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1688-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Newsome ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski ◽  
Z. C. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Flooding Period

Flooding of soil induced several physiological, morphological, and growth changes in 12- or 13-week-old Ulmus americana L. seedlings. Among the early responses to flooding was stomatal closure, without subsequent reopening, in leaves that were fully expanded by the time flooding was initiated. However, flooding did not induce stomatal closure of leaves that completed expansion during the flooding period. Flooding greatly accelerated production of ethylene by stems. Other responses to flooding included stem swelling; production of hypertrophied lenticels and abundant adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem; reduction in leaf formation and expansion; and inhibition of dry weight increment of leaves, stems, and roots. Some of the morphological responses to flooding appeared to be associated with accelerated ethylene production. The much greater reduction in root growth over leaf growth in flooded seedlings will create leaf water deficits and predispose seedlings to drought injury after the flood waters recede.

Growth, Morphology, Stem Anatomy, and Ethylene Production in Flooded Alnus Japonica Seedlings

IAWA Journal ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fukuju Yamamoto ◽  
Tsutomu Sakata ◽  
Kazuhiko Terazawa
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Alnus Japonica ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Flooding Period

Flooding of soil of potted, 24-month-old Alnus japonica seedlings for 24 days altered growth, morphology, stem anatomy, and ethylene production. This species exhibited high adaptability to soil flooding by forming adventitious roots that grew through hypertrophied lenticels. Aerenchyma tissues were observed in the bark of the adventitious roots. Flooding slightly reduced height growth and greatly stimulated diameter growth of submerged portions of stems in comparison with unflooded seedlings. Diameter growth in flooded seedlings was largely due to increases in both the number and size of wood fibres produeed during the flooding period. Flooding did not affect biomass increment of leaves and stems but reduced the total dry weight increment of the root system even though abundant adventitious roots had formed. Ethylene production in the submerged portions of stems was greatly increased by flooding. Morphological and anatomical responses of Alnus japonica seedlings to flooding are discussed.

Some physiological and morphological responses of Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings to flooding

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Morphological Responses

Flooding for 30 days induced several changes in Quercusmacrocarpa Michx. seedlings, with stomatal closure among the earliest responses. Stomata remained more closed in flooded than in unflooded plants during the entire experimental period. Leaf water potential was consistently higher in flooded than in unflooded plants. Other responses to flooding included acceleration of ethylene production by stems; formation of hypertrophied lenticels on submerged portions of stems; growth inhibition, with greatest reduction in roots; and formation of a few adventitious roots on submerged portions of the stem above the soil line. Some of the morphological responses to flooding, especially formation of hypertrophied lenticels, appeared to be associated with increased ethylene production. Quercusmacrocarpa seedlings adapted poorly to flooding as shown by failure of stomata to reopen after an early period of flooding and low capacity for production of adventitious roots. The much greater inhibition of root growth than shoot growth by flooding will reduce drought tolerance after floodwaters recede.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on the Root Growth, Nutrient Content and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under Waterlogged Condition

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Amin ◽  
M A Karim ◽  
Q A Khaliq ◽  
M R Islam ◽  
S Aktar
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Waterlogged Condition ◽  
Combined Application

An experiment was conducted with mungbean genotype IPSA-13 in the field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during September, 2012 to November, 2012 to study the root growth, nutrient concentration and seed yield of mungbean as influenced by N and K under waterlogged conditions. Nutrient supply in the soil had significant impact on better recovery in root development of 4-day waterlogged plants. Development of adventitious roots was one of the adaptive responses of IPSA-13 mungbean genotype. Root length was decreased due to the anaerobic condition.  Plants waterlogged for 4-days allocated more dry matter in adventitious root development and hence root volume was higher in waterlogged plants. Root volume in flooded plants increased due to the development of adventitious roots. Root dry weight increased with combined application of N and K fertilizers. Flooded plants treated with 14 kg N ha-1 + 25 kg K ha-1 produced the highest TDM and seed yield, though the yield was statistically similar to that obtained when the levels of N and K were applied separately, as well as with that of 1% urea + 25 kg K ha-1.The Agriculturists 2015; 13(1) 67-78

Phosphorus restriction: control of transplant growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Liptay ◽  
P. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Control of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedling growth and height during production in the greenhouse is critical for efficient subsequent transplanting and acceptable field performance. Height can be reduced by P fertilisation. Eliminating P from nutrient solutions severely restricted growth. When fed a 10 mg P L−1 in the nutrient solution, seedlings were 11 cm tall after 49 d of growth, but only 3 cm tall without P. Intermediate P reduced height within this range. Transplanting was simulated after 49 d of seedling production by transferring the transplants to a temperature-controlled root chamber in larger volume cells plus fertilisation with a complete nutrient solution. Transplant growth with a complete nutrient solution caused differential growth according to the prior P feeding regime. New root growth in the various treatments was dependent on root growth during the transplant stage. However, shoot growth differed greatly among the P levels. Seedlings grown without any P during transplant production grew very slowly with only a 25% increase in leaf growth after 9 d. With the 2 mg L−1 feeding during transplant production of leaf dry weight increased over 200% during the 9-d period. In conclusion, seedling growth restriction can be achieved by P deprivation; the amount of P deprivation, however, affects subsequent seedling growth. Key words: Phosphorus, nutrients, tomato, transplant.

scholarly journals Pepper Seedling Growth Response to Drought Stress and Exogenous Abscisic Acid

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Exogenous Aba

ABA and drought stress were evaluated on growth morphology and dry weight of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings subjected to continuous watering (CV) or alternate watering (AW) subflotation irrigation. When ABA (10-4m) was sprayed on to leaves 28, 32, or 37 days after seeding (DAS), leaf growth was limited relative to the controls. Root dry weight, basal root count, and diameter decreased in AW compared with CW-treated seedlings. ABA did not influence root growth of the transplants or subsequent total fruit yield. When ABA was applied to leaves at 20,23, or 29 DAS, there was a transient inhibition of leaf weight increase, but root growth was unaffected. Exogenous ABA may have a practical application as a substitute for drought stress to control transplant growth in the nursery. Chemical name used: abscisic acid (ABA).

scholarly journals Tomato Transplant Morphology Affected by Handling and Storage

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1377-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Lower Root ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
And Storage

Shoot and root growth changes in response to handling and storage time in `Sunny' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants were investigated. Transplants, 45 days old, were stored either in trays (nonpulled) or packed in boxes (pulled) for 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 days at 5 and 15C. Also, 35-day-old nonpulled and pulled transplants were kept in darkness at 20/28C for 0, 1, 2, or 3 days. At SC, pulled transplants had longer and heavier stems, a higher shoot: root ratio, higher ethylene evolution, and lower root dry weight than nonpulled transplants. At 15C, pulled transplants had more shoot growth than nonpulled transplants. Nonpulled, initially 35-day-old transplants had heavier shoots and roots and higher (7.0 t·ha-1) yields of extra-large fruit than pulled transplants (4.1 t·ha-1), but there were no differences in the total yields of marketable fruits.

scholarly journals Germination and Seedling Growth Response of Sprouts and Leafy Vegetables after Applying Oxygen Nanobubble Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-617
Author(s):  
Seo Youn Lee ◽  
Seo Hee Jung ◽  
Ah Ram Cho ◽  
Myung Syun Shim ◽  
You Kyung Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Pak Choi

Background and objective: The nanobubbles remain stable in water, and it increased dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water that promotes the seed germination and the plant growth. We evaluated the seed germination and growth of sprouts (radish, wheat, and barley) and leafy vegetables (red mustard and pak choi) when irrigated with various DO of nanobubble water (NB).Methods: The oxygen NB was generated by surface friction and treated in 4 levels: NB 0% (control, DO 9.21 mg·L-1), NB 20% (DO 15.40 mg·L-1), NB 33% (DO 20.93 mg·L-1), and NB 100% (DO 39.29 mg·L-1).Results: The root length of radish and wheat increased more in NB 33% than the control plot. The fresh weight increased in NB 33% compared to the control plot in radish and wheat, and both fresh and dry weight increased more in NB 20%, NB 33%, and NB 100% than the control plot of barley. The leaf length and width of red mustard decreased more in NB 33% and NB 100% than the control plot and NB 20%, which indicated the leaf compactness. The fresh and dry weight of shoot and root increased more in NB 100% than the control plot in red mustard. In pak choi, the shoot fresh weight increased more in NB 100% than the control plot. In leafy vegetables, the germination rate of red mustard in NB 100% was higher than the control plot, however, it was not significantly different between oxygen NB plots in sprout vegetables.Conclusion: The results showed that the root growth and biomass increased after applying NB 33% in sprout vegetables. The leaf growth properties as the number of leaves and leaf size were not significantly different or decreased in NB treatments compared to control plots, but NB 100% (DO 39.29 mg·L-1) effectively increased the root growth and plant biomass in leafy vegetables.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

Eliminating Thrips in Microshoot Cultures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 506d-506
Author(s):  
Robert R. Tripepi ◽  
Holly J. Schwager ◽  
Mary W. George ◽  
Joseph P. McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Onion Thrips ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Tissue Culture Media ◽  
Plant Tissue Cultures

Two insecticides, acephate or azadirachtin, were added to tissue culture media to determine their effectiveness in controlling onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman.) and to determine if these insecticides could damage the plant shoot cultures. To test for insecticide phytotoxicity, microshoots from European birch (Betula pendula), American elm (Ulmus americana), `Pink Arola' chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora), `America' rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), `Golden Emblem' rose (Rosa hybrida), and `Gala' apple (Malus domestica) were placed in 130-ml baby food jars containing 25 ml of medium supplemented with 6.5, 13, or 26 mg/l Orthene® (contained acephate) or 0.55, 1.1, or 2.2 ml/l Azatin® (contained azadirachtin). Control jars lacked insecticide. To test for thrips control, 13 mg/l Orthene® or 0.55 ml/l Azatin® was added to Murashige and Skoog medium, and 10 thrips were placed on `Gala' apple microshoots in each jar. Jars were sealed with plastic wrap. In both studies, microshoot dry weight and heights were determined. In the second study, the total number of thrips per jar was also determined 3 weeks after inoculation. Microshoots on Orthene®-treated media lacked phytotoxicity symptoms, regardless of the concentration used. In contrast, Azatin® hindered plant growth, decreasing shoot height or dry weight by up to 85% depending on the species. Both insecticides prevented thrips populations from increasing, since less than 10 thrips were found in jars with insecticide-treated medium. Control jars, however, contained an average of almost 70 thrips per jar. This study demonstrated that both Orthene® and Azatin® were effective for eradicating thrips from plant tissue cultures, but Orthene® should probably be used because Azatin® was phytotoxic to all species tested.

Ethylene production and morphological adaptation of woody plants to flooding

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1659-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. C. Tang ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Ethylene Content

Seedlings of Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Melaleuca quinquenervia, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis exhibited greater morphological adaptation to flooding than did Eucalyptus globulus or Pinus halepensis seedlings. Formation of hypertrophied lenticels and production of adventitious roots on submerged portions of stems were characteristic of the flood-tolerant species only. Ethylene production was greatly stimulated by the flooding of all species except P. halepensis. In flooded F. pennsylvanica seedlings ethylene production was higher in stems with well-developed hypertrophy than in those without stem hypertrophy. Lack of a vertical gradient in ethylene content of the stems of flooded Eucalyptus plants indicated either that waterlogging of soil indirectly stimulated ethylene production in stems above the waterline or that ethylene was translocated upward from submerged portions of stems. Application of indoleacetic acid stimulated ethylene producton in submerged portions of M. quinquenervia and U. americana stems. The data indicate an important role for ethylene in the morphological adaptation of woody plants to flooding. The additional involvement of several other compounds in such adaptation is discussed.

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