Biomass production of several jack pine provenances at three Lake States locations

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zavitkovski ◽  
R. M. Jeffers ◽  
H. Nienstaedt ◽  
T. F. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Component Distribution ◽  
Source Selection ◽  
Annual Biomass ◽  
Lake States

Total biomass, biomass production, component distribution, and water content of stems and branches were estimated in 24- and 25-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stands of four provenances planted at three Lake States locations. The initial spacing was 1.5 × 1.5 m (5 × 5 ft). Total biomass and mean annual biomass production (MAB) were negatively related to location latitude. The overall range of MAB was 2.6–5.8 t•ha−1•year−1 (about 1.2–2.6 tons•acre−1•year−1). The highest MAB was 58% higher than the maximum reported in the literature. Stems accounted for 64–75% and branches with needles for the rest of the aboveground biomass. Stem percentages decreased at the northernmost location. Stems of all harvested trees had a significantly higher water content (127–141% on a dry weight basis) than their branches with needles (100–115%). Water content was the lowest in late winter (March). The study showed that suitable seed source selection is a very important factor in increasing jack pine stand production in the Lake States.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Quality Seedlings

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Shahrina Akhtar ◽  
Jalal Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Abdul Hamid ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Maximum Variance ◽  
Total Dry Weight

A study was conducted to evaluate 100 chickpea genotypes to explore their genetic diversity in respect of emergence and growth attributes. A high genotypic variation was observed in the characters studied. The highest positive correlation corresponded to the root mass and total plant biomass of the seedlings. Seedling biomass production was highly subjective to seedling vigor. Using discriminant function analysis, the first two functions contributed 46.2 and 39.0%, and altogether 85.2% of the variability among the genotypes. Function 1 was positively related to dry weight of root and total plants. The character with the greatest weight on function 2 was seedling emergence rate. The total dry weight of seedlings played the most dominant role in explaining the maximum variance in the genotypes. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Each cluster had specific seedling characteristics and the clusters 5 and 6 were closely related and clearly separated from clusters 1 and 4 for their higher amount of root and total biomass production, and vigorous seedlings, where as, the genotypes in cluster 2 and 3 were intermediate. The genotypes in cluster 5 followed by cluster 6 appeared to be important resources for selecting and developing chickpea variety. Keywords: Chickpea; genotypes; seedling; quality DOI: 10.3329/agric.v8i2.7584 The Agriculturists 8(2): 108-116 (2010)

scholarly journals Comparing Effects of Container Treatments on Nursery Production and Field Establishment of Trees with Different Root Systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Ursula K. Schuch ◽  
Dennis R. Pittenger ◽  
Philip A. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Copper Coating ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Container Shape

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of container volume, container shape, and copper-coating containers on root and shoot growth during nursery production and after establishment in the field. Liners of ficus (Ficus retusa L. ‘Nitida’), a fibrous-rooted species, and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), a coarse-rooted species, were grown in regular or tall #1 containers in a glasshouse and were subsequently transplanted to the field or into #3 or #5 regular or tall containers. During the nursery phase, copper-coated containers improved rootball quality of ficus and pepper, but biomass production was not affected consistenly by copper coating. Tall, narrow versus regular containers restricted pepper growth throughout the nursery phase and field establishment, but had little effect on ficus. Biomass production of pepper trees was greatest in regular-shaped containers, and tall containers reduced growth consistently. Container shape did not affect shoot growth of ficus. The larger container volume of the #5 yielded greater total biomass of pepper and root dry weight of ficus during nursery production than did #3 pots. In the field, shoot dry weight of ficus was greatest when previously grown in #5 containers, and total biomass of pepper was greatest in both regular #3 or #5 containers.

Time of jack pine seed maturity in Lake States provenances

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-373
Author(s):  
Robert A. Cecich ◽  
Thomas D. Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Embryo Length

Cones were collected weekly from August 6 to October 2, 1979, from 10 Lake States provenances of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.). We evaluated cone and seed characteristics (cone color, volume, fresh and dry weight, specific gravity, scale color, seed color, and embryo length) that can be used for field and laboratory determinations of seed ripeness, so that cones can be harvested before squirrels begin cutting them. Seeds were partially retained in cones picked in August and extracted by shaking. Final embryo length was attained 2 weeks before germination reached a maximum on September 10. The adaxial surface of the cone scales turned reddish brown and the seeds turned black 1 week before maximum germination was reached. Seed maturity coincided with the beginning of cone cutting by the squirrels.

Influence of cultural practices on the relationship between frost tolerance and water content of containerized black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Calmé ◽  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Francine J. Bigras
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Short Days

Two experiments were performed to study how cultural practices influenced the relationship between frost tolerance and water content of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seedlings. In the first experiment, first-year black spruce seedlings were subjected to 14-d mid-August treatments of short days of 8 h or to natural day length, during which time seedlings were either irrigated or not. In the second experiment, first-year white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings were fertilized at two levels, normal or double, during the growing season. In the fall, we followed the evolution of frost tolerance, water content (dry weight to fresh weight ratio), height and diameter growth, bud formation, and mineral concentrations of shoots and roots. In the first experiment, short days accelerated frost acclimation, drop in water content, and bud formation. Short days with no irrigation triggered the cessation of height growth. In the second experiment, normal fertilization slightly improved frost tolerance in white spruce. Diameter growth (except for white spruce) and bud formation were enhanced by high nitrogen concentration, whereas no significant effect of fertilization could be found on height growth and water content. In both experiments, the relationship between frost tolerance and water content was independent of treatments and indicated that nontolerant seedlings (lethal temperature for 50% of the seedlings > −10 °C) had dry weight to fresh weight ratios of less than 30% for the three species. Thus, this rapid method of evaluating frost tolerance could be useful to seedling producers in eastern Canada and might be applicable to other species in other regions as well.

scholarly journals Treatment and Re-Use of Raw Blackwater by Chlorella vulgaris-Based System

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2660
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Segovia Bifarini ◽  
Miha Žitnik ◽  
Tjaša Griessler Bulc ◽  
Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Sanitation Systems

In this study, we examined a Chlorella vulgaris-based system as a potential solution to change liquid waste, such as blackwater, into valuable products for agriculture while protecting waters from pollution without technical demanding pre-treatment. To evaluate the possibility of nutrient removal and biomass production from raw blackwater, four blackwater dilutions were tested at lab-scale: 50%, 30%, 20%, and 10%. The results showed that even the less diluted raw blackwater was a suitable growth medium for microalgae C. vulgaris. As expected, the optimum conditions were observed in 10% blackwater with the highest growth rate (0.265 d−1) and a nutrient removal efficiency of 99.6% for ammonium and 33.7% for phosphate. However, the highest biomass productivity (5.581 mg chlorophyll-a L−1 d−1) and total biomass (332.82 mg dry weight L−1) were achieved in 50% blackwater together with the highest chemical oxygen demand removal (81%) as a result of the highest nutrient content and thus prolonged growth phase. The results suggested that the dilution factor of 0.5 followed by microalgae cultivation with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days could offer the highest biomass production for the potential use in agriculture and, in parallel, a way to treat raw blackwater from source-separation sanitation systems.

Effect of different nutrient levels on the resistance of soybean to Macrophomina phaseolina infection in field experiments

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Csöndes ◽  
K. Balikó ◽  
A. Dégenhardt
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Field experiments were carried out with soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] on a Haplic Chernozem soil. Eleven treatment combinations were applied with increasing rates of fertilizers in three replicates. At full maturity the dry weight production, total biomass production, root weight, yield, shoot NPK concentration and severity of Macrophomina phaseolina infection were determined. The highest degree of Macrophomina infection was found in the lowest NPK treatment, while the lowest rate of disease was observed for the highest NPK combination. By increasing the NK supply, the degree of infection decreased. At the same fertilizer rates, significantly lower infection was observed at higher phosphorus levels. The dry weight production, total biomass production of the shoots, pod weight and nitrogen concentration of the shoots were negatively correlated with the rate and severity of infection, which was positively correlated with the concentration of phosphorus. No correlation was found between root weight and infection or between potassium concentration and infection.

RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT GROWTH FORMS OF POA ANNUA L. (ANNUAL BLUEGRASS) TO HERBICIDES APPLIED BEFORE OR AFTER EMERGENCE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 947-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. WARWICK ◽  
A. S. HAMILL ◽  
P. B. MARRIAGE
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Prostrate Growth ◽  
Vegetative Component

The response of erect/annual and prostrate/perennial strains of Poa annua to herbicides was examined by treating soil with bensulide or chlorthal-dimethyl prior to emergence and by treating immature and mature plants with endothal or linuron. Chlorthal-dimethyl gave better control than bensulide as measured by a greater reduction in the number of seedlings surviving and dry weight of the survivors. Linuron was more effective than endothal in reducing biomass production of both immature and mature plants. Differential response of the erect and prostrate growth forms was not apparent for either bensulide or chlorthal-dimethyl, or for total biomass production of immature and mature plants in response to endothal or linuron. However, a significant growth form by treatment interaction was obtained for the vegetative component of mature plants, with the prostrate plants showing a greater weight reduction than erect individuals relative to the control. The weight of the reproductive component was equally reduced in both growth forms. Percent dry weight allocated to reproductive growth, which was 35 and 15% for the erect and prostrate growth form, respectively, remained relatively constant for both growth forms for all herbicide treatments.

STUDIES OF WOOD: II. ON THE WATER CONTENT OF CERTAIN CANADIAN TREES AND ON CHANGES IN THE WATER-GAS SYSTEM DURING SEASONING AND FLOTATION

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Darnley Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Water Contents

The chief species studied were paper birch, poplar (Populus tremuloides), jack pine, white spruce, and balsam fir.Methods for the study of water contents are described. Determinations of densities and swelling percentages are summarized. Conversion factors that may be employed to convert moisture contents based on dry weight into percentages of original volume are:—for jack pine 0.38, for balsam 0.315, for poplar 0.42 and for birch 0.49.The hardwoods examined show a maximum water content in spring and a sharp drop in the summer. This appears to vary from year to year and the possible reasons for this variation are discussed. In 1931 birch and poplar lost half their total (spring) water during the summer months. In birch this may not be made up until the following spring. The softwoods show no marked seasonal changes in water content.The distribution of water is characteristic for each species. Changes in distribution throughout the year have been followed. In birch all parts of the wood (there is no heartwood) join in the seasonal changes; in poplar only the sapwood varies in water content. The results of individual year-ring analyses and of borings at different heights point to uniform water content in corresponding parts of the tree.Diurnal changes in water content have been investigated and rapid fluctuations recorded. These point to a decrease during the morning followed by an increase later in the day. These variations are correlated with tension changes and no doubt also with transpiration. It seems certain that the actual amount of gas in the tree varies but little during the diurnal changes, though it does vary with the seasonal fluctuations in water content.Girdling of birch, balsam and spruce is described and the effects on water contents are followed. It is shown that in the case of birch, removal of wood to a depth of more than one inch leads to little change during two seasons. This is correlated with the continued activity of all parts of the wood. In balsam, almost complete drying of the sapwood within two or three months follows girdling through the sapwood. The characteristic wet patches of balsam heartwood, however, are unaffected, and it is concluded that these have no connection with the sapwood and so play no part in water conduction. The results from spruce are irregular.Experiments on seasoning and flotation in the field and in the laboratory are described. The summer seasoning of "sour-felled" birch is more rapid than that of normal or of peeled logs or the normal water loss of living standing trees, and this must be due to evaporation from the leaves.The effects of log length, of barking, and of end and/or side painting on rate of penetration of water have been investigated. While penetration of water is chiefly through the ends of logs, escape of dissolved air is largely in the radial direction, and so end penetration is less important than might be expected. There is considerable top drying from unseasoned floating logs (in laboratory tanks), which may assist in solution and removal of air and so hasten rather than slow up sinkage of the log. Seasoning followed by end painting results in very slow entry of water and so is excellent in flotation.

Characterization of frozen hydrated biological specimens by low-loss EELS

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1572-1573
Author(s):  
Songquan Sun ◽  
Richard D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Subcellular Compartment ◽  
Differential Shrinkage ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Analyses of ultrathin cryosections are generally performed after freeze-drying because the presence of water renders the specimens highly susceptible to radiation damage. The water content of a subcellular compartment is an important quantity that must be known, for example, to convert the dry weight concentrations of ions to the physiologically more relevant molar concentrations. Water content can be determined indirectly from dark-field mass measurements provided that there is no differential shrinkage between compartments and that there exists a suitable internal standard. The potential advantage of a more direct method for measuring water has led us to explore the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) for characterizing biological specimens in their frozen hydrated state.We have obtained preliminary EELS measurements from pure amorphous ice and from cryosectioned frozen protein solutions. The specimens were cryotransfered into a VG-HB501 field-emission STEM equipped with a 666 Gatan parallel-detection spectrometer and analyzed at approximately −160 C.

STEM measurement of subcellular water distributions

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
S.Q. Sun ◽  
S-L. Shi ◽  
R.A. Buchanan ◽  
S.B. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Annular Dark Field

Recent advances in rapid-freezing and cryosectioning techniques coupled with use of the quantitative signals available in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) can provide us with new methods for determining the water distributions of subcellular compartments. The water content is an important physiological quantity that reflects how fluid and electrolytes are regulated in the cell; it is also required to convert dry weight concentrations of ions obtained from x-ray microanalysis into the more relevant molar ionic concentrations. Here we compare the information about water concentrations from both elastic (annular dark-field) and inelastic (electron energy loss) scattering measurements.In order to utilize the elastic signal it is first necessary to increase contrast by removing the water from the cryosection. After dehydration the tissue can be digitally imaged under low-dose conditions, in the same way that STEM mass mapping of macromolecules is performed. The resulting pixel intensities are then converted into dry mass fractions by using an internal standard, e.g., the mean intensity of the whole image may be taken as representative of the bulk water content of the tissue.

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