Time of jack pine seed maturity in Lake States provenances

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-373
Author(s):  
Robert A. Cecich ◽  
Thomas D. Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Seed Color ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Embryo Length

Cones were collected weekly from August 6 to October 2, 1979, from 10 Lake States provenances of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.). We evaluated cone and seed characteristics (cone color, volume, fresh and dry weight, specific gravity, scale color, seed color, and embryo length) that can be used for field and laboratory determinations of seed ripeness, so that cones can be harvested before squirrels begin cutting them. Seeds were partially retained in cones picked in August and extracted by shaking. Final embryo length was attained 2 weeks before germination reached a maximum on September 10. The adaxial surface of the cone scales turned reddish brown and the seeds turned black 1 week before maximum germination was reached. Seed maturity coincided with the beginning of cone cutting by the squirrels.

Biomass production of several jack pine provenances at three Lake States locations

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zavitkovski ◽  
R. M. Jeffers ◽  
H. Nienstaedt ◽  
T. F. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Component Distribution ◽  
Source Selection ◽  
Annual Biomass ◽  
Lake States

Total biomass, biomass production, component distribution, and water content of stems and branches were estimated in 24- and 25-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stands of four provenances planted at three Lake States locations. The initial spacing was 1.5 × 1.5 m (5 × 5 ft). Total biomass and mean annual biomass production (MAB) were negatively related to location latitude. The overall range of MAB was 2.6–5.8 t•ha−1•year−1 (about 1.2–2.6 tons•acre−1•year−1). The highest MAB was 58% higher than the maximum reported in the literature. Stems accounted for 64–75% and branches with needles for the rest of the aboveground biomass. Stem percentages decreased at the northernmost location. Stems of all harvested trees had a significantly higher water content (127–141% on a dry weight basis) than their branches with needles (100–115%). Water content was the lowest in late winter (March). The study showed that suitable seed source selection is a very important factor in increasing jack pine stand production in the Lake States.

scholarly journals Assessing the storage potential of Australian rainforest seeds: a decision-making key to aid rapid conservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Sommerville ◽  
G. Errington ◽  
Z-J. Newby ◽  
G. S. Liyanage ◽  
C. A. Offord
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Fleshy Fruit ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Fresh Seed ◽  
Desiccation Sensitivity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Seed Characteristics

AbstractSeed banking of rainforest species is hindered by lack of knowledge as to which species are tolerant of desiccation and freezing. We assessed 313 Australian rainforest species for seed banking suitability by comparing the germination percentage of fresh seeds to seeds dried at 15% RH and seeds stored at −20 °C after drying. We then compared desiccation responses to environmental, habit, fruit and seed characteristics to identify the most useful predictors of desiccation sensitivity. Of 162 species with ≥ 50% initial germination, 22% were sensitive to desiccation, 64% were tolerant and 10% were partially tolerant; the responses of 4% were uncertain. Of 107 desiccation tolerant species tested for response to freezing, 24% were freezing sensitive or short-lived in storage at −20 °C. Median values for fresh seed moisture content (SMC), oven dry weight (DW) and the likelihood of desiccation sensitivity (PD-S) were significantly greater for desiccation sensitive than desiccation tolerant seeds. Ninety-four to 97% of seeds with SMC < 29%, DW < 20 mg or PD-S < 0.01 were desiccation tolerant. Ordinal logistic regression of desiccation response against environmental, habit, fruit and seed characteristics indicated that the likelihood of desiccation sensitivity was significantly increased by a tree habit, fleshy fruit, increasing fresh SMC and increasing PD-S. The responses observed in this study were combined with earlier studies to develop a simple decision key to aid prediction of desiccation responses in untested rainforest species.

scholarly journals Relationship of Hull Mesocarp Color to Seed Germination and Vigor in Large-Seeded Virginia-Type Peanuts

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Spears ◽  
G. A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Classification of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) based on pod mesocarp color has become a popular means of estimating maturity of runner peanuts. This study was initiated to determine if the hull mesocarp color is related to seed maturity of virginia-type peanuts and to evaluate changes in quality as seed mature. Cultivars NC 7 and NC 9 peanuts were harvested by hand in 1990, 1991, and 1992. Pods were separated according to mesocarp color. Seed moisture content and dry weight within a maturity class varied with cultivar and production year. Germination of NC 7 seed grown in 1990 and 1992 increased as seed approached maturity. Immature NC 9 seed grown in 1991 and 1992 had substantially lower germination than seed from mature pods. There was no increase in germination during maturation of NC 7 seed harvested in 1991 or NC 9 from 1990. Seed leakage during imbibition, measured by electrical conductivity, decreased as seed matured. The lowest leakage levels occurred when seed had reached physiological maturity. Germination following accelerated aging (AA) increased as seed matured. Maximum AA germination of NC 7 occurred when seed had reached 77, 84, and 100% of their final dry weight in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. NC 9 seed achieved maximum germination following AA after the seed amassed at least 90% of their final dry weight.

Relating jack pine budworm damage to stand inventory variables in northern Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2180-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Lyle J. Buss ◽  
Larry D. Marshall ◽  
Jari Kouki
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Northern Michigan

Stand-level mortality and top kill from a 1991–1993 jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinuspinus Freeman) outbreak were surveyed annually in the Raco Plains area of the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula from 1992 to 1994. Defoliation was visually estimated and percentage of trees killed or top killed was determined in 104 stands. In 1994, tree mortality attributable to the outbreak averaged 8% and 17% of trees had dead tops. Current stand inventory data, including age, site index, basal area, and size, were acquired from the Hiawatha Forest. Stands were grouped on the basis of inventory variables used for jack pine management in the Lake States region of the United States. Differences in tree mortality and top kill between groups, and associations between tree mortality and inventory variables, were evaluated. Tree mortality was greater in overmature stands and in overstocked stands, but stand size had little effect. Contrary to expectations, mortality was lower on poor sites with low site index values than on better sites with higher site index values. Mortality was not related to abundance of open-grown, full-canopied wolf trees or to abundance of trees infected with pine gall rust (Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka (=Peridermiumharknessii J.P. Moore)). Amount of top kill was related to defoliation severity and was higher in overmature and understocked stands. Top kill was not strongly associated with amount of tree mortality or with inventory variables.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PARASITOID HYPOSOTER EXIGUAE AND THE CABBAGE LOOPER, TRICHOPLUSIA NI: EFFECTS ON HEAD-CAPSULE WIDTH, LIVE AND DRY WEIGHTS, AND HEMOLYMPH SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF HOSTS AT DIFFERENT AGES

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard F. Iwantsch ◽  
Zane Smilowitz
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Head Capsule Width ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Developmental Parameters

AbstractThe effects of parasitism by Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) on certain developmental parameters of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) were influenced by host age at parasitism.Head-capsule growth increments for parasitized Trichoplusia ni became smaller with each successive molt during parasitism so that determination of instar on the basis of head-capsule width became impossible.Parisitized T. ni showed a proportionately smaller gain in weight from time of stinging until parasitoid emergence the older they were when stung (6 times for 3rd instars; 2 times for 4th instars; and no gain for 5th instars). This retardation was evident 24 h after parasitism. Essentially the same results were obtained for dry weight.Percentage dry weight of parasitized larvae tended to increase over control values until the 5th stadium when controls abruptly increased. Values for parasitized 5ths remained below the controls. Values found on the last days reflected those of the parasitoid which composed most of the mass inside the host cuticle.Hemolymph specific gravity in controls and parasitized 3rd instars oscillated with a frequency of one stadium in the 3rd, 4th, and early 5th stadia. Specific gravity of controls then rose to a maximum of 1.0501 in the prespinning phase and dropped by the pharate–pupal phase. Values for parasitized larvae in the 5th stadium rose slightly before leveling off, and parasitized 5th instars rose to a maximum on the next-to-last day. Maximum values attained for hosts parasitized as 3rd and 5th instars never reached that for controls on day 11. This may be related to the complete unacceptability or unsuitability of T. ni larvae for parasitism from day 11 on.

Within-tree variation in wood production and wood quality in sycamore (Acerpseudoplatanus): its relation to crown characteristics

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Richard S. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fibre Production ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vessel Size ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

To quantify patterns of wood formation in sycamore (Acerpseudoplatanus L.), the seasonal progress of wood production and structure was followed systematically throughout the outer growth sheath of the main stem and major branches. These data were considered in relation to the profile of leaf dry weight down through the crown in 8- and 12-year-old trees at stages before and after canopy closure, respectively. Mature fibre production was earliest towards the tips of the branches of the midcrown, and spread basipetally along the branches. In the main stem, mature fibre production was earliest at the tip and spread down the tree, taking about 10 days to reach the base of both pre- and post-canopy closure trees. In the stem, later fibre production down the tree was offset by later cessation of fibre maturation basally. Branch data suggested that the pattern of cessation may depend on the branch position, because cessation was latest at the base of the upper branches and at the tip of the lower branches. The maximum rate of fibre production was in the upper stem, several internodes higher than the internode bearing maximum leaf dry weight. Despite this, ring width increased down the stem, presumably as a result of the increased duration of fibre production and increased cell size. Within growth rings, vessel size remained nearly constant before declining sharply towards the end of the ring. Trees with narrower growth rings tended to have more of their ring occupied by declining vessel size suggesting a slight inverse relationship between ring width and specific gravity. Specific gravity increased down the outer growth sheath of the stem, and this increase was associated with systematic trends in fibre and vessel dimensions, together with changes in the relative proportions by area of the different tissues. Although some anatomical characters appeared to vary with the profile of the crown, others appeared to be independent of crown profile.

Biology of the Swaine Jack-Pine Sawfly in Wisconsin

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Becker ◽  
D. M. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Pine Sawfly ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Single Cluster

AbstractThe Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., is a serious defoliator of jack pine in Canada, and has been reported widely in the Lake States. The largest populations in Wisconsin were on plantations and windbreaks. It is host specific and feeds primarily on old foliage. Damage to new foliage is sporadic, usually being heaviest late in the season. When forced to feed on red, eastern white, or Scotch pines the sawfly develops abnormally. It is not a serious threat to these species. In southern Wisconsin, adults emerge during June; eggs are present from mid-June to mid- July; larvae feed during July and August; heaviest feeding damage occurs in late July and early August; late larval populations feed throughout September. Fecundity was 116 ± 17 eggs. Eggs are placed in new needles, and "paired eggs" are characteristic. The distribution pattern of eggs within a single cluster is characterized for long and for short shoots of new growth. Female larvae require five or six feeding instars, males five. Phenological observations are correlated with sawfly development.

Seed dormancy in the early diverging eudicot Trochodendron aralioides (Trochodendraceae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Baskin ◽  
Carol C. Baskin ◽  
Ching-Te Chien ◽  
Shun-Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
Radicle Emergence ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Embryo Length ◽  
Morphological Dormancy

The embryo length/seed length (E/S) ratio of the early diverging eudicot Trochodendron aralioides is 0.34. Embryos in fresh seeds were 0.36±0.01 mm long, and they increased in length by about 250% (in 20 d) before radicle emergence (germination) occurred, demonstrating that the embryo is underdeveloped at seed maturity. Seeds germinated to 95–100% at 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C in light in ≤4 weeks, without any pretreatment, but no seeds germinated in darkness. Thus, seeds of T. aralioides have morphological dormancy (MD), which is considered to be the primitive condition in seed plants, and MD probably has existed in the genus Trochodendron since its origin in the early Tertiary.

scholarly journals PENGARUH UMUR PANEN TERHADAP VIABILITAS BENIH SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PRODUKSI TERNA SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
DEVI RUSMIN ◽  
MELATI, S MELATI, S ◽  
WAHYUNI WAHYUN ◽  
SUKARMAN SUKARMAN
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Herb Yield ◽  
Number Of Branches

ABSTRAK<br />Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas benih<br />sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) adalah waktu panen.<br />Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan<br />untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur panen terhadap viabilitas benih serta<br />hubungannya dengan produksi terna sambiloto. Percobaan dilakukan di<br />KP. Cimanggu dan Laboratorium, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan<br />Aromatik, dari Maret 2005 – Maret 2006. Percobaan disusun dalam<br />rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 10 perlakuan stadia umur<br />panen dan 4 ulangan. Stadia umur panen yang diuji yaitu 18, 21, 22, 23,<br />24, 25, 26, 27, 28, dan 29 hari setelah antesis (HSA). Variabel yang<br />diamati yaitu mutu benih (daya berkecambah benih, kecepatan<br />berkecambah), pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang),<br />serta produksi terna (bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, dan bobot<br />kering batang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Umur panen<br />benih berpengaruh terhadap daya berkecambah benih dan kecepatan<br />berkecambah benih sambiloto; daya berkecambah dan kecepatan<br />berkecambah tertinggi didapatkan pada umur panen benih 22 dan 21 HSA<br />(67,00 dan 55,00)%; sedangkan daya berkecambah yang terendah<br />diperoleh pada umur panen 18 HSA (23,50)%, (2) Umur panen benih<br />berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang pada tanaman<br />umur 1 bulan. Tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang tertinggi berturut-turut<br />didapatkan pada perlakuan umur panen benih 27 dan 26 HSA (39, 63<br />dan 36,58 cm serta 16,71 dan 16,61 buah); dan (3) Umur panen benih<br />berpengaruh terhadap produksi terna (bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering<br />daun, bobot kering batang) pada umur 3 bulan. Bobot basah tanaman,<br />bobot kering daun, serta bobot kering batang tertinggi didapatkan pada<br />perlakuan umur panen benih 27 HSA (291,25, 28, 27 dan 28,86)g. Bobot<br />basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, serta bobot kering batang terendah<br />didapatkan pada perlakuan 18 HSA (217,09, 22,10 dan 20,24)g. Umur<br />panen benih tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah cabang pada umur 3<br />bulan.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata Nees, umur panen,<br />viabilitas, produksi, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />The influence of harvesting time on the seed viability and<br />the  relationship  with  herb  yield  of  king  bitter<br />(Andrographis paniculata Nees)<br />One of the main factors influencing the viability of king bitter<br />(Andrographis paniculata Nees) is appropriate harvesting time. Based on<br />this problem a research was conducted to study the relationship between<br />seed maturity and seed viability, and herb yield of king bitter. The research<br />was conducted at Cimanggu Experimental Station and in the laboratory of<br />Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute (IMACRI)<br />from March 2005 to March 2006. The experiment was arranged in a<br />randomized block design with 10 seed maturity stages and 4 replications.<br />Maturity seed tested was 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 days<br />after anthesis. The observations were made on seed quality (percentage of<br />seed germination, and rate of seed germination), plant growth (plant<br />height, number of branches) and herb yield (fresh herb weight, leaf dry<br />weight, and stem dry weight). The results of experiment indicated that (1)<br />seed maturity affected seed germination, and rate of seed germination of<br />king bitter; the highest seed germination and germination rate were<br />achieved by seeds harvested at 21 and 22 days after anthesis, (2) stage of<br />seed harvesting affected on the plant height and number of branches at 1<br />month after planting. The highest plant height and number of branches<br />were found on the treatments of seeds harvested at 26 and 27 days after<br />anthesis, they were 39.63 and 36.58 cm and 16.71 and 16.61; (3) seed<br />maturity also affected herb production, such as wet weight of plants, dry<br />weight of leaf and dry weight of steam at 3 moths after planting. Wet<br />weight of plant, dry weight of leaf and dry weight of stem were achieved<br />at the treatments of seeds harvested at 27 days after anthesis, they were<br />291.25, 28.27 and 28.86 g. The lowest of wet of plant weight, dry weight<br />of leaf and dry weight of stem were found on the seeds harvested at 18<br />days after anthesis. They were 217.09, 22.10 and 20.24 g. Moreover, the<br />stage of harvesting did not influence the number of branches at 3 months<br />after planting.<br />Key words: King bitter, Andrographis paniculata Nees, seed maturity,<br />viability, production, West Java

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