RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT GROWTH FORMS OF POA ANNUA L. (ANNUAL BLUEGRASS) TO HERBICIDES APPLIED BEFORE OR AFTER EMERGENCE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 947-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. WARWICK ◽  
A. S. HAMILL ◽  
P. B. MARRIAGE
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Prostrate Growth ◽  
Vegetative Component

The response of erect/annual and prostrate/perennial strains of Poa annua to herbicides was examined by treating soil with bensulide or chlorthal-dimethyl prior to emergence and by treating immature and mature plants with endothal or linuron. Chlorthal-dimethyl gave better control than bensulide as measured by a greater reduction in the number of seedlings surviving and dry weight of the survivors. Linuron was more effective than endothal in reducing biomass production of both immature and mature plants. Differential response of the erect and prostrate growth forms was not apparent for either bensulide or chlorthal-dimethyl, or for total biomass production of immature and mature plants in response to endothal or linuron. However, a significant growth form by treatment interaction was obtained for the vegetative component of mature plants, with the prostrate plants showing a greater weight reduction than erect individuals relative to the control. The weight of the reproductive component was equally reduced in both growth forms. Percent dry weight allocated to reproductive growth, which was 35 and 15% for the erect and prostrate growth form, respectively, remained relatively constant for both growth forms for all herbicide treatments.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes for Quality Seedlings

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Shahrina Akhtar ◽  
Jalal Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Abdul Hamid ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Maximum Variance ◽  
Total Dry Weight

A study was conducted to evaluate 100 chickpea genotypes to explore their genetic diversity in respect of emergence and growth attributes. A high genotypic variation was observed in the characters studied. The highest positive correlation corresponded to the root mass and total plant biomass of the seedlings. Seedling biomass production was highly subjective to seedling vigor. Using discriminant function analysis, the first two functions contributed 46.2 and 39.0%, and altogether 85.2% of the variability among the genotypes. Function 1 was positively related to dry weight of root and total plants. The character with the greatest weight on function 2 was seedling emergence rate. The total dry weight of seedlings played the most dominant role in explaining the maximum variance in the genotypes. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Each cluster had specific seedling characteristics and the clusters 5 and 6 were closely related and clearly separated from clusters 1 and 4 for their higher amount of root and total biomass production, and vigorous seedlings, where as, the genotypes in cluster 2 and 3 were intermediate. The genotypes in cluster 5 followed by cluster 6 appeared to be important resources for selecting and developing chickpea variety. Keywords: Chickpea; genotypes; seedling; quality DOI: 10.3329/agric.v8i2.7584 The Agriculturists 8(2): 108-116 (2010)

scholarly journals Comparing Effects of Container Treatments on Nursery Production and Field Establishment of Trees with Different Root Systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Ursula K. Schuch ◽  
Dennis R. Pittenger ◽  
Philip A. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Copper Coating ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Container Shape

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of container volume, container shape, and copper-coating containers on root and shoot growth during nursery production and after establishment in the field. Liners of ficus (Ficus retusa L. ‘Nitida’), a fibrous-rooted species, and Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), a coarse-rooted species, were grown in regular or tall #1 containers in a glasshouse and were subsequently transplanted to the field or into #3 or #5 regular or tall containers. During the nursery phase, copper-coated containers improved rootball quality of ficus and pepper, but biomass production was not affected consistenly by copper coating. Tall, narrow versus regular containers restricted pepper growth throughout the nursery phase and field establishment, but had little effect on ficus. Biomass production of pepper trees was greatest in regular-shaped containers, and tall containers reduced growth consistently. Container shape did not affect shoot growth of ficus. The larger container volume of the #5 yielded greater total biomass of pepper and root dry weight of ficus during nursery production than did #3 pots. In the field, shoot dry weight of ficus was greatest when previously grown in #5 containers, and total biomass of pepper was greatest in both regular #3 or #5 containers.

Biomass production of several jack pine provenances at three Lake States locations

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zavitkovski ◽  
R. M. Jeffers ◽  
H. Nienstaedt ◽  
T. F. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Component Distribution ◽  
Source Selection ◽  
Annual Biomass ◽  
Lake States

Total biomass, biomass production, component distribution, and water content of stems and branches were estimated in 24- and 25-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stands of four provenances planted at three Lake States locations. The initial spacing was 1.5 × 1.5 m (5 × 5 ft). Total biomass and mean annual biomass production (MAB) were negatively related to location latitude. The overall range of MAB was 2.6–5.8 t•ha−1•year−1 (about 1.2–2.6 tons•acre−1•year−1). The highest MAB was 58% higher than the maximum reported in the literature. Stems accounted for 64–75% and branches with needles for the rest of the aboveground biomass. Stem percentages decreased at the northernmost location. Stems of all harvested trees had a significantly higher water content (127–141% on a dry weight basis) than their branches with needles (100–115%). Water content was the lowest in late winter (March). The study showed that suitable seed source selection is a very important factor in increasing jack pine stand production in the Lake States.

scholarly journals Moss phyllid morphology varies systematically with substrate slope

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-431
Author(s):  
Caleb M. Turberville ◽  
Jesualdo A. Fuentes-González ◽  
Sydney Rogers ◽  
Jason Pienaar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Prostrate Growth

Background and aims – Tracheophyte leaf morphology is well studied but it is unclear if the findings generalize to poikilohydric plants. We tested combinations of hypotheses to determine if microhabitat characteristics, including light exposure, moisture availability, and substrate slope, controlled for morphological differences between upright and prostrate growth forms, affect phyllid surface area and costa length of mosses.Material and methods – We quantified mean phyllid surface-area and costa lengths for four replicates of 38 moss species from Alabama. Phylogenetic comparative methods that model adaptation were used to evaluate the relative evidence for each hypothesis using information criteria. To further explore mechanistic explanations involving substrate slope, we tested whether mosses on vertical substrates differed from those on horizontal substrates in the average amount of water-retaining, nutrient-rich litter they accumulated.Key results – Substrate slope and growth form combined were the best predictors of phyllid surface area. Mosses growing on vertical substrates exhibited smaller phyllid surface area for both growth forms. Although growth form and phyllid length best explained costa length variation, a more complex model including substrate slope performed nearly as well. Within the prostrate growth forms, species growing on vertical substrates exhibit longer relative costa than those on horizontal substrates. We also estimated rapid rates of adaptation for both traits.Conclusion – The smaller phyllid surface area of both upright and prostrate growth forms is possibly an adaptive response to reduced habitat moisture-retention or nutrient quality that vertical substrates offer. The longer costa lengths of prostrate mosses growing on vertical surfaces relative to prostrate mosses on horizontal surfaces, possibly make up for the decreased ability of smaller phyllids to rapidly reabsorb water when it is available. Further work is required to determine if it is truly substrate slope itself that matters or other variables associated with the differences in slope, and to determine how general this phenomenon is.

scholarly journals Treatment and Re-Use of Raw Blackwater by Chlorella vulgaris-Based System

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2660
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Segovia Bifarini ◽  
Miha Žitnik ◽  
Tjaša Griessler Bulc ◽  
Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Sanitation Systems

In this study, we examined a Chlorella vulgaris-based system as a potential solution to change liquid waste, such as blackwater, into valuable products for agriculture while protecting waters from pollution without technical demanding pre-treatment. To evaluate the possibility of nutrient removal and biomass production from raw blackwater, four blackwater dilutions were tested at lab-scale: 50%, 30%, 20%, and 10%. The results showed that even the less diluted raw blackwater was a suitable growth medium for microalgae C. vulgaris. As expected, the optimum conditions were observed in 10% blackwater with the highest growth rate (0.265 d−1) and a nutrient removal efficiency of 99.6% for ammonium and 33.7% for phosphate. However, the highest biomass productivity (5.581 mg chlorophyll-a L−1 d−1) and total biomass (332.82 mg dry weight L−1) were achieved in 50% blackwater together with the highest chemical oxygen demand removal (81%) as a result of the highest nutrient content and thus prolonged growth phase. The results suggested that the dilution factor of 0.5 followed by microalgae cultivation with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days could offer the highest biomass production for the potential use in agriculture and, in parallel, a way to treat raw blackwater from source-separation sanitation systems.

Effect of different nutrient levels on the resistance of soybean to Macrophomina phaseolina infection in field experiments

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Csöndes ◽  
K. Balikó ◽  
A. Dégenhardt
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Field experiments were carried out with soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] on a Haplic Chernozem soil. Eleven treatment combinations were applied with increasing rates of fertilizers in three replicates. At full maturity the dry weight production, total biomass production, root weight, yield, shoot NPK concentration and severity of Macrophomina phaseolina infection were determined. The highest degree of Macrophomina infection was found in the lowest NPK treatment, while the lowest rate of disease was observed for the highest NPK combination. By increasing the NK supply, the degree of infection decreased. At the same fertilizer rates, significantly lower infection was observed at higher phosphorus levels. The dry weight production, total biomass production of the shoots, pod weight and nitrogen concentration of the shoots were negatively correlated with the rate and severity of infection, which was positively correlated with the concentration of phosphorus. No correlation was found between root weight and infection or between potassium concentration and infection.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

scholarly journals Overexpression of vesicle-associated membrane protein PttVAP27-17 as a tool to improve biomass production and the overall saccharification yields in Populus trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhavi Latha Gandla ◽  
Niklas Mähler ◽  
Sacha Escamez ◽  
Tomas Skotare ◽  
Ogonna Obudulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Transgenic Trees ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Glucose Yield ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Wild Type Control

Abstract Background Bioconversion of wood into bioproducts and biofuels is hindered by the recalcitrance of woody raw material to bioprocesses such as enzymatic saccharification. Targeted modification of the chemical composition of the feedstock can improve saccharification but this gain is often abrogated by concomitant reduction in tree growth. Results In this study, we report on transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) lines that showed potential to increase biomass production both in the greenhouse and after 5 years of growth in the field. The transgenic lines carried an overexpression construct for Populus tremula × tremuloides vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein PttVAP27-17 that was selected from a gene-mining program for novel regulators of wood formation. Analytical-scale enzymatic saccharification without any pretreatment revealed for all greenhouse-grown transgenic lines, compared to the wild type, a 20–44% increase in the glucose yield per dry weight after enzymatic saccharification, even though it was statistically significant only for one line. The glucose yield after enzymatic saccharification with a prior hydrothermal pretreatment step with sulfuric acid was not increased in the greenhouse-grown transgenic trees on a dry-weight basis, but increased by 26–50% when calculated on a whole biomass basis in comparison to the wild-type control. Tendencies to increased glucose yields by up to 24% were present on a whole tree biomass basis after acidic pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification also in the transgenic trees grown for 5 years on the field when compared to the wild-type control. Conclusions The results demonstrate the usefulness of gene-mining programs to identify novel genes with the potential to improve biofuel production in tree biotechnology programs. Furthermore, multi-omic analyses, including transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, performed here provide a toolbox for future studies on the function of VAP27 proteins in plants.

scholarly journals A Cyanobacteria-Based Biofilm System for Advanced Brewery Wastewater Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Konstantinos P. Papadopoulos ◽  
Christina N. Economou ◽  
Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou ◽  
Dimitris V. Vayenas
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Reactor Performance ◽  
Brewery Wastewater ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen ◽  
Supporting Materials

Algal/cyanobacterial biofilm photobioreactors provide an alternative technology to conventional photosynthetic systems for wastewater treatment based on high biomass production and easy biomass harvesting at low cost. This study introduces a novel cyanobacteria-based biofilm photobioreactor and assesses its performance in post-treatment of brewery wastewater and biomass production. Two different supporting materials (glass/polyurethane) were tested to investigate the effect of surface hydrophobicity on biomass attachment and overall reactor performance. The reactor exhibited high removal efficiency (over 65%) of the wastewater’s pollutants (chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, orthophosphate, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen), while biomass per reactor surface reached 13.1 and 12.8 g·m−2 corresponding to 406 and 392 mg·L−1 for glass and polyurethane, respectively, after 15 days of cultivation. The hydrophilic glass surface favored initial biomass adhesion, although eventually both materials yielded complete biomass attachment, highlighting that cell-to-cell interactions are the dominant adhesion mechanism in mature biofilms. It was also found that the biofilm accumulated up to 61% of its dry weight in carbohydrates at the end of cultivation, thus making the produced biomass a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production.

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