An assay of sequential application of Fenitrothion and Bacillusthuringiensis for an integrated control of the spruce budworm

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Smirnoff ◽  
Y. J. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Chemical Insecticide

Three 40-ha blocks were sprayed by helicopter in order to assess the possibilities of integrating a biological and a chemical insecticide for the control of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) on balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.). One block was sprayed with Fenitrothion alone before completion of emergence of the second instar larvae. A second block was also sprayed with Fenitrothion at the same timing, followed by an application of Bacillusthuringiensis at bud expansion. A third block was treated with B. thuringiensis alone. The highest larval mortality and best foliage protection were obtained in the block treated with B. thuringiensis alone. Unfavorable meteorological conditions prevailing when B. thuringiensis was applied in the block treated with both the chemical and the biological insecticides partially accounted for the less favorable results. Further it seemed probable that the Fenitrothion applied before completion of emergence affected only those larvae that were not mining old needles or buds.

A 2-YEAR STUDY OF VIRUS – CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE COMBINATION IN THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (TORTRICIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 813-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris ◽  
J. A. Armstrong ◽  
G. M. Howse ◽  
J. C. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Chemical Insecticide

AbstractDuring 1972, spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees were sprayed aerially with a low dose of fenitrothion (0.25 oz AI/ac), entomopox virus (EPV) at 7.6 × 1010 polyhedra/ac, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) at 2.7 × 1011 polyhedra/ac, or each virus–fenitrothion combination. Fenitrothion (active ingredient), NPV, and EPV deposited at ground level at 5%, 31%, and 42%, respectively, of the amounts emitted.In the year of application, NPV + fenitrothion was highly effective in population reduction and foliage protection especially on; balsam fir although a higher virus infection rate was found on white spruce than on balsam fir. EPV + fenitrothion also provided a high level of foliage protection and apparently reduced surviving female:male sex ratio to 1:2 compared with the normal 1:1 ratio. NPV + insecticide caused highest larval mortality, highest incidence of virus, lowest rate of moth emergence, fewest progeny, and lowest rate of progeny survival. The natural incidence of microsporidia was low in all plots.In the year following application, the NPV + insecticide treated plot again showed lowest population density, highest larval mortality and incidence of virus, and low defoliation and egg mass density. However, there was a higher proportion of viable eggs deposited than in the previous year. Egg parasitism by Trichogramma minutum increased by 1.5 to 4.2% in plots treated with virus only and declined by 1.6 to 10.5% in insecticide treated plots and by 1.2% in untreated check plot. The transmission of the virus from one year to the next is considered to be of paramount importance in the future use of this pathogen in spruce budworm control.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

scholarly journals Bacillus Thuringiensis: a Logical Weapon for Spruce Budworm Control

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Smirnoff
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Insect Density ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Methods Of Application

Action of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) on spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., was found to be attributable to septicemia with some enterotoxicosis. Development of a compact economical B.t. formulation, with addition of the enzyme chitinase, increased its efficiency by accelerating larval mortality. Between 1971 and 1975 field tests were conducted in balsam fir stands with different levels of insect density to select the best formulation and methods of application and to identify the major influencing environmental variables. Variability in the results prior to 1975 is attributable to difficulties with calibration of spray systems. With accurate calibration in 1976 and 1977, good results in terms of larval mortality and foliage protection were obtained, thus confirming the value of B.t. for control of spruce budworm.

Results of spraying Bacillusthuringiensis 2 consecutive years over balsam fir stands damaged by spruce budworm

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Smirnoff
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Homogeneous Dispersion ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Tree Defoliation ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

In 1977 and 1978, seven 40-ha blocks mostly composed of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) were treated with combinations of Bacillusthuringiensis formulations of three bacillus concentrates, from different producers, and two carriers, sorbitol and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Proper calibration of the boom and nozzle spray system of a Grumman Ag Cat aircraft ensured sufficient and homogeneous dispersion of the bacillus. Larval mortality and tree defoliation observed varied according to the foliage potential and population levels before treatment. In treated blocks, current-year growth defoliation varied between 35.5 and 99.5%, and between 7.4 and 47.1% in 1977 and 1978, respectively. In untreated blocks, it varied between 94.8 and 100%, and between 81.8 and 100% in 1977 and 1978, respectively. In 1977, in treated blocks, foliage potential of balsam fir showed a 31.5 to 100% increase while in untreated blocks a 10.5 to 47.0% decrease was noted. In 1978, in treated blocks much of the current-year growth was preserved and 100% foliage potential was reestablished.

AERIAL SPRAYING OF A BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS — CHITINASE FORMULATION FOR CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 1535-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Smirnoff ◽  
J. J. Fettes ◽  
R. Desaulniers
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Insect Development ◽  
Check Plot ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spray Deposit ◽  
Aerial Spraying

AbstractA 10,000 acre stand of mature balsam fir, in Temiscouata County, Quebec, which had a spruce budworm population of about 21 larvae/18 in. branch-tip was sprayed with a Bacillus thuringiensis + chitinase formulation. Aerial spraying was carried out by three TBM aircraft between 4 and 7 June 1972, when insect development was at the peak of the third instar. Where the quantity of B. thuringiensis colonies per square centimeter was higher than 77 and spray deposit higher than 0.4 gal/acre (U.S.), larval mortality was between 84% and 93% compared with between 39% and 53% in the check plot. Foliage protection was 47%. The results indicate the possibilities of using B. thuringiensis + chitinase to control spruce budworm infestations.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF AERIAL APPLICATIONS OF VIRUS–FENITROTHION COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

AbstractSpruce budworm infested stands of white spruce and balsam fir were aerially sprayed with an entomopox virus, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a low dose of fenitrothion, and the two virus–chemical insecticide combinations. Long-term assessment of the efficacy of the treatments showed that NPV + a low dose of fenitrothion suppressed the budworm population density particularly on balsam fir below that causing economic damage for 3 years due mainly to transmission of the virus from one generation to the next and maintenance of natural control agents in the population.

PRELIMINARY FIELD TRIALS WITH BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – CHEMICAL INSECTICIDE COMBINATIONS IN THE INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 1281-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.N. Morris ◽  
J. A. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Good Protection ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Doses

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) + sublethal doses of the organophosphates fenitrothion or Orthene® were aerially applied to spruce budworm infested white spruce and balsam fir trees. B.t. + fenitrothion applied at 10 BIU + 17.5 g active ingredient in 4.71./ha (4 BIU + 0.25 oz in 0.5 gal/acre) and depositing at 1.5 to 3.0 BIU + 2.1 to 4.9 g/ha (0.03 to 0.07 oz/acre) did not protect the trees in the year of application owing to too low application rates but apparently gave good protection 1 year later without further treatment. A B.t. + Orthene combination applied at 20 BIU + 42 g/ha (8 BIU + 0.6 oz/acre) and depositing at the rate of 6.9 BIU + 12.6 g/ha (2.29 BIU + 0.18 oz/acre) provided good protection for both tree species in the year of spray.Moth emergence was substantially reduced by 20 to 30 BIU B.t. + Orthene combination treatment. Thuricide fenitrothion, Dipel fenitrothion, and 30 BIU Orthene treatments reduced oviposition rate by at least 62%, 47%, and 47%, respectively. B,t. + a low dose of Orthene apparently had no major destructive effects on larval, pupal, or egg parasites whereas B.t. + a low dose of fenitrothion seriously reduced egg parasitism.The data indicate the possibility of using B.t. in combination with low doses of chemical insecticides against the spruce budworm as an alternative to high doses of chemical insecticides alone.

scholarly journals Evaluation of indigenous the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in combination with chlorantraniliprole against Spodoptera species

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Sarwar ◽  
Naeem Arshad Maan ◽  
Muhammad Ahsin Ayub ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq Shahid ◽  
Mubasher Ahmad Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
High Larval Mortality ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Background The armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and S. litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are polyphagous pests of many cash crops. Heavy crop losses have been reported for the fruit and vegetable crops each year owing to the diverse impact on global economies. The present study was aimed to sort out a novel method of pest control using the insect’s own nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) alone and in combination with a new chemistry insecticide chlorantraniliprole. Results In the study, the effect of indigenous isolated nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and the chemical insecticide (chlorantraniliprole) formulations against the 2nd and 4th larval instars of S. litura and S. exigua, collected from the different geographical region of Punjab (Pakistan) province, was evaluated. Three concentrations of the NPV isolate, sub-lethal (1 × 104, 6 × 104 POB ml−1), lethal (3 × 105 POB ml−1), and chlorantraniliprole 0.01 μl l−1, were applied alone and in combination against the 2nd and 4th larval instars of both pest species. The lethal concentration of NPV + chlorantraniliprole exhibited synergistic interaction and caused high larval mortality against both instars, while in all other combinations, additive effect was observed. Moreover, NPV + chlorantraniliprole at lethal concentration exhibited decreased pupation, adult emergence, and egg eclosion. Conclusion The implications of using NPV alone and in combination with an insecticide are discussed briefly in this study.

scholarly journals Predicting balsam fir mortality in boreal stands affected by spruce budworm

2021 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 119408
Author(s):  
Djidjoho Julien Houndode ◽  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

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