Results of spraying Bacillusthuringiensis 2 consecutive years over balsam fir stands damaged by spruce budworm

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Smirnoff
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Homogeneous Dispersion ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Tree Defoliation ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

In 1977 and 1978, seven 40-ha blocks mostly composed of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) were treated with combinations of Bacillusthuringiensis formulations of three bacillus concentrates, from different producers, and two carriers, sorbitol and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Proper calibration of the boom and nozzle spray system of a Grumman Ag Cat aircraft ensured sufficient and homogeneous dispersion of the bacillus. Larval mortality and tree defoliation observed varied according to the foliage potential and population levels before treatment. In treated blocks, current-year growth defoliation varied between 35.5 and 99.5%, and between 7.4 and 47.1% in 1977 and 1978, respectively. In untreated blocks, it varied between 94.8 and 100%, and between 81.8 and 100% in 1977 and 1978, respectively. In 1977, in treated blocks, foliage potential of balsam fir showed a 31.5 to 100% increase while in untreated blocks a 10.5 to 47.0% decrease was noted. In 1978, in treated blocks much of the current-year growth was preserved and 100% foliage potential was reestablished.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

The Effect of Phosphatic Composite on Magnesium Phosphate Cement Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 477-484
Author(s):  
Zhao Qing Qi ◽  
Hong Tao Wang ◽  
Jun Liang Dang ◽  
Shi Hao Zhang ◽  
Jian Hua Ding
Keyword(s):  
Setting Time ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Phosphate ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

The capacity of 10%, 30%, and 50% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were replaced with an equal amount of three phosphate (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate) respectively. Magnesium phosphate cement was made by phosphate of replaced, which strength, setting time, fluidity, hydration temperature, and the hydration products was researched. The results show that: MPC was made that replaced with the equal amount of three kind of phosphate, which has good mechanical properties. Setting time and fluidity change along with the replacment. Three kind of phosphate replace ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, which change the hydration process of MPC. When ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was replaced by an equal amount of disodium hydrogen phosphate, the temperature of hydration is only 69.4 °C. XRD showed that the diffraction peaks of composite’s magnesium phosphate cement increases.

scholarly journals OFAT versus DOE as two optimization protocols for the chromatographic analysis of some OTC pharmaceuticals carrying negative cardiovascular effects and administered by pregnant and breast-feeding females: Application to dose dependent effect

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dina El Sherbiny ◽  
Mary E. K. Wahba
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

Abstract A simple HPLC technique has been utilized for rapid and sensitive quantitative analysis of two mixtures of drugs that are used during pregnancy and lactation. Drugs of the first mixture are used to manage gastrointestinal tract illness that are common during early stages of pregnancy, while pharmaceutical agents of the second mixture are administered over the counter as galactagogues or to overcome postpartum depression. Mixture I includes famotidine (FMT), ranitidine (RNT), nizatidine (NZT), and pantoprazole (PNT), which were separated on a C18 column using a mobile phase composed of methanol: 0.02 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (60:40, v/v) of pH 6.9, adopting UV detection at 240 nm at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Mixture II on the other hand, consists of domperidone (DOM), metoclopramide (MET), and sulpiride (SUL). These drugs were eluted using the same column and flow rate as those in mixture I, using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: 0.075 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate (30:70, v/v) of pH 6 adopting a detection wavelength 270 nm. Two optimization protocols were utilized to optimize the chromatographic separation conditions, namely one factor at a time (OFAT) and design of experiments (DOE) where face centered cube response surface experimental design was chosen for this investigation. Comparison of the results obtained from both protocols reveals the accordance between them. Full validation procedure under guidance of United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) was applied to the proposed methods which enabled their application to separate the drugs of both mixtures in spiked rat whole blood samples and in vivo analysis of rat heart blood.

Osmolarity of Human Serum and of Chemical Solutions of Biologic Importance

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

Abstract With the use of the Fiske Osmometer, the mean total osmolarity of normal human serum was found to be 289 mOsM (S.D., 4), which is equivalent to a mean freezing point of -0.537°. The isosmotic concentrations of some important biologic solutions were determined. It was also found that M/15 solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are very hypotonic, and that 3.8% sodium citrate is hypertonic. Hemolysis of erythrocytes in isosmotic ammonium chloride solution can be considerably delayed by the addition of 3.0% glucose to the solution. Isosmotic concentrations of disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were precisely determined, as were pH levels of buffer solutions made from these two salts. The cause of the slight changes in osmolarity that occur when these two isosmotic solutions are mixed is discussed.

The Discharge Characteristics of PEO Films in K2ZrF6 with NaH2PO4 Electrolyte

2012 ◽  
Vol 577 ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
Wen Fu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
Effect Of Additives ◽  
Ceramic Films ◽  
Electrolytic Oxidation ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen

The discharge characteristics of the potassium fluorozirconate electrolyte during plasma electrolytic oxidation process were investigated. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate was applied as additives. Ceramic films were prepared on magnesium alloy in electrolytes with different content additives under constant voltage. The effect of additives on the pH of the electrolyte and the dissolution of the substrate were investigated. It was found that the additives could influence the pH and dissolved magnesium ions effectively.

scholarly journals Medium Optimization for the Production of Fibrinolytic Enzyme byPaenibacillussp. IND8 Using Response Surface Methodology

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan ◽  
Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Sodium Dihydrogen ◽  
Central Composite

Production of fibrinolytic enzyme by a newly isolatedPaenibacillussp. IND8 was optimized using wheat bran in solid state fermentation. A 25full factorial design (first-order model) was applied to elucidate the key factors as moisture, pH, sucrose, yeast extract, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Statistical analysis of the results has shown that moisture, sucrose, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate have the most significant effects on fibrinolytic enzymes production (P<0.05). Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimal concentrations of these three components and the experimental results were fitted with a second-order polynomial model at 95% level (P<0.05). Overall, 4.5-fold increase in fibrinolytic enzyme production was achieved in the optimized medium as compared with the unoptimized medium.

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