Discolouration and decay associated with paraformaldehyde-treated tapholes in sugar maple

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Walters ◽  
Alex L. Shigo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
And Control

More decay (higher incidence and greater total length of column) was associated with tapholes in mature sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) treated with a 250-mg paraformaldehyde pill than with control tapholes. This was apparent 20 months after treatment and at each successive examination to the final measurement at 56 months. Discoloured columns associated with pill-treated tapholes were longer than those associated with control tapholes for the first 8 months. From that time until the final measurement there were no statistically significant differences between lengths of discoloured columns associated with pill-treated and control tapholes. Cambial dieback occurred adjacent to many tapholes but there was no significant difference in closure rates of treated and control tapholes. Results were obtained from dissections and studies of 180 mature trees over a 56-month period in six locations in Vermont in one experiment, and from 75 trees over a 20-month period in three locations each in Vermont, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan in another experiment. The results indicate that repeated use of paraformaldehyde will lead to rapid development of decay in sugar maple trees.

scholarly journals Ontogenic Resistance of Leaves and Fruit, and How Leaf Folding Influences the Distribution of Powdery Mildew on Strawberry Plants Colonized by Podosphaera aphanis

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 954-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belachew Asalf ◽  
David M. Gadoury ◽  
Anne Marte Tronsmo ◽  
Robert C. Seem ◽  
Andrew Dobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Ontogenic Resistance ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Ontogenic or age-related resistance has been noted in many pathosystems but is less often quantified or expressed in a manner that allows the concept to be applied in disease management programs. Preliminary studies indicated that leaves and fruit of three strawberry cultivars rapidly acquired ontogenic resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen, Podosphaera aphanis. In the present study, we quantify the development of ontogenic resistance in controlled inoculations of 10 strawberry cultivars using diverse isolates of P. aphanis in New York and Florida, USA, and in Norway. We report the differential and organ-specific development of ontogenic resistance in the receptacle and externally borne strawberry achenes. We further report that rapid development of ontogenic resistance prior to unfolding of emergent leaves, rather than differential susceptibility of adaxial versus abaxial leaf surfaces, may explain the commonly observed predominance of powdery mildew on the lower leaf surfaces. Susceptibility of leaves and fruit declined exponentially with age. Receptacle tissue of berries inoculated at four phenological stages from bloom to ripe fruit became nearly immune to infection approximately 10 to 15 days after bloom, as fruit transitioned from the early green to the late green or early white stage of berry development, although the achenes remained susceptible for a longer period. Leaves also acquired ontogenic resistance early in their development, and they were highly resistant shortly after unfolding and before the upper surface was fully exposed. No significant difference was found in the susceptibility of the adaxial versus abaxial surfaces. The rapid acquisition of ontogenic resistance by leaves and fruit revealed a narrow window of susceptibility to which management programs might be advantageously adapted.

Long-term calcium addition increases growth release, wound closure, and health of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) trees at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1692-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett A. Huggett ◽  
Paul G. Schaberg ◽  
Gary J. Hawley ◽  
Christopher Eagar
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest ◽  
Hubbard Brook ◽  
Ca Addition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Al Addition ◽  
And Control

We surveyed and wounded forest-grown sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees in a long-term, replicated Ca manipulation study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. Plots received applications of Ca (to boost Ca availability above depleted ambient levels) or Al (to compete with Ca uptake and further reduce Ca availability). We found significantly greater total foliar and membrane-associated Ca in foliage of trees in plots fertilized with Ca when compared with trees from Al-addition and control plots (P = 0.005). Coinciding with foliar Ca differences, trees exhibited a significant difference in crown vigor and in percent branch dieback among treatments (P < 0.05), with a trend towards improved canopy health as Ca levels increased. Annual basal area increment growth for the years following treatment initiation (1998–2004) was significantly greater in trees subjected to Ca addition compared with trees in control and Al treatments. Treatment-related improvements in growth were particularly evident after overstory release following a 1998 ice storm. The amount of wound closure was also greatest for trees in Ca-addition plots relative to Al-addition and control plots (P = 0.041). These findings support evidence that ambient Ca depletion is an important limiting factor regarding sugar maple health and highlight the influence of Ca on wound closure and growth following release from competition.

scholarly journals Condylar position changes after three months of treatment with posterior bite turbo

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Santiago Herrera-Guardiola ◽  
German Eduardo Puerta-Salazar ◽  
Carlos Humberto Martínez-Cajas
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Measurement ◽  
Single Operator ◽  
Condyle Position ◽  
Joint Health ◽  
Condylar Position ◽  
Mandibular Movements ◽  
And Control

Introduction: all orthodontic treatments must be safe in terms of temporomandibular joint health. No reports in the recent literature evaluate the association between the use of posterior bite turbos and condylar position changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate condylar position changes occurring after three-month treatment with posterior bite turbo in patients from the Dental School of the Universidad del Valle. Methods: a sample of 15 hyperdivergent patients was randomly distributed into two groups: Bite Turbo and Control Group. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CB-CT) was used to assess the condyle position before the bite turbos bonding to first and second molars, and after three months of use of the appliances. Distances were taken from the CB-CT by a single operator, and the calibration was tested with intraclass correlation (> 0.9). Results: no statistical difference between the position of left and right condyles was detected. However, there was a significant difference in the upper space of the left condyle between the initial and final measurement. Patients reported satisfactory use of the occlusal bite turbo (85.8%) in three months of treatment. Conclusion: contrary to the expected, the simultaneous use of posterior occlusal appliances with balanced mandibular movements for 3 months did not cause significant changes in condylar position. The patients tolerate well the use of occlusal stops.

Accroissement d'une érablière à la suite de coupes d'éclaircie: résultats de 20 ans

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pothier
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Significant Difference

Two intensities of thinning were executed in a 50-year-old sugar maple stand of the Station forestière de Duchesnay (46°57′N, 71°39′W). Initial basal area was reduced by 22 and 35% in moderate and heavy thinned plots, respectively. Twenty years after treatment, basal area of thinned plots approached that of controls and their basal area in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) was larger than that of controls. Diameter growth of sugar maples was proportional to the intensity of thinning and a significant difference was detected between thinned and unthinned plots. Net increment of the 70 sampled plots was proportional to the intensity of thinning but mortality was inversely related to the thinning level. Ingrowth was also proportional to the intensity of thinning but its impact on net increment was relatively low. Ten years following treatment, the number of saplings of yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) increased with increasing thinning intensity. However, the number of sugar maple saplings remains stable among treatments for all measurement periods. Diameter growth was not affected in sugar maples with annual tapping in comparison to sugar maples with no tapping during the whole study period.

Characteristics of trees damaged by sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Newton ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
History Of

The distribution, abundance, and characteristics of sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) at time of attack by sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say), were determined on 1.9 ha in Wanakena, New York. Twenty-six percent (n = 78) of the maple stems in the study area were damaged. Average dbh of trees attacked remained the same throughout the 40-year history of the infestation. Mean dbh of trees at time of attack by sugar maple borer was 18.7 cm. Percent cross-sectional area growth at breast height in control trees (3.7%) was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than growth of attacked trees (1.9%) the year preceeding year of attack. Annual mean percentage growth of successfully attacked trees declined 5–10 years prior to year of attack. The cryptic nature of much borer damage indicates that previous estimates of impact are conservative.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effect of Eight Week Training Program Schedule With Two Different Stretching Patterns Strengthening on Changes in the Status of Lower Cross Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
Chiman Alyarnezhad ◽  
◽  
Ali Shams Majalan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intermittent Training ◽  
Strengthening Exercises ◽  
The Status ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Simultaneous Training ◽  
And Control

Objective: Different timing of performing stretching and strengthening exercises can have different effects on the condition of Lower Crossed Syndrome (LCS). This study aims to compare the effects of eight-week training using stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently and simultaneously on the status of LCS in female college students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the study population consists of 300 female students of Guilan University aged 19-25 years. To assess LCS, the New York Posture Rating tool was used. 120 patients who had hyperlordosis were re-evaluated using flexible ruler for precise measurement of LCS. Finally, 45 students with a lumbar curvature angle of >45 degrees were selected and randomly divided into three groups of intermittent training (n=15), simultaneous training (n=15), and control (n=15). The training program consisted of corrective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis in SPSS v. 20 software Results: The difference between the intermittent training and control groups was significant (P=0.30), while no significant difference was observed between the simultaneous training and control groups (P=0.68). Conclusion: Performing stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently has a greater effect on reducing LCS than performing these exercises simultaneously.

Use of fluorescence microscopy for monitoring periodontal disease state

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. S. Chan ◽  
J. de Vries ◽  
R. F. Harvey ◽  
Y.-C. Tam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Disease State ◽  
Dark Field Microscopy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Samples of subgingival plaque from patients with periodontal disease and control subjects were stained with the Fluoretec fluorescent test kits (Pfizer Inc., New York) developed for the rapid detection of members of the Bacteroides fragilis and B. melanino genicus groups of anaerobes. The same fluorescent fields were also examined by dark-field microscopy for the total count of bacteria. Bacteroides fragilis and B. melaninogenicus were found in plaque samples of healthy subjects and periodontally diseased patients with no significant difference in percent of total flora. Oral spirochetes also fluoresced with the antisera used. Samples from healthy sites showed virtually no spirochetes; spirochetes were present in diseased sites. Tests with other antisera also showed that fluorescein-labelled antibodies can be absorbed nonspecifically to the surface of spirochetes. Such a phenomenon can be used to monitor an individual's periodontal disease state.

scholarly journals Effect of Triiodothyronine in Different Dosages on Growth and Survival Rate of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Herviani ◽  
M. Zairin Junior ◽  
Odang Carman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Key Word ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Control

<p>This experiment was conducted to study the effect of giant gouramy larval immersion in triiodothyronine (T3) hormone solution on their growth and survival rate. One-day old larvae were treated with different concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) <em>i.e. </em>0; 0,001; 0,01; 0,1 and 1 ppm by immersion method for 24 hours. During eight weeks rearing period, larvae were fed to satiation with <em>Tubifex </em>three times daily. The media were aerated and changed 10-30% daily. At the end of experiment, there was no significant difference in yolk sac absorption between treated larvae and control. The highest dose of 1 ppm T3 resulted significant decreased in total length, average weight and survival rate of larvae.</p> <p>Key Word : Giant gouramy, <em>Osphronemus gouramy, </em>triiodothyronine, immersion dose, growth, survival rate.</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>This experiment was conducted to study the effect of giant gouramy larval immersion in triiodothyronine (T3) hormone solution on their growth and survival rate. One-day old larvae were treated with different concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) <em>i.e. </em>0; 0,001; 0,01; 0,1 and 1 ppm by immersion method for 24 hours. During eight weeks rearing period, larvae were fed to satiation with <em>Tubifex </em>three times daily. The media were aerated and changed 10-30% daily. At the end of experiment, there was no significant difference in yolk sac absorption between treated larvae and control. The highest dose of 1 ppm T3 resulted significant decreased in total length, average weight and survival rate of larvae.</p> Key Word : Giant gouramy, <em>Osphronemus gouramy, </em>triiodothyronine, immersion dose, growth, survival rate.

IOP Lowering Effects of Ocimum basilicum Seed Extract in Two Rabbit Models of Ocular Hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Renu Agarwal ◽  
SK Gupta ◽  
Sushma Srivastava ◽  
Rohit Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Hypertension ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Water Loading ◽  
Antiglaucoma Medication ◽  
Lowering Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Ocimum basilicum (OB), a herb known for its antihypertensive, anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties was investigated for possible intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects in rabbits with ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods: The IOP lowering effect of a single drop of OB extract (OBE) was evaluated in oculonormotensive rabbits using three concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1% w/v). The concentration showing maximum IOP reduction was further evaluated in rabbits with water-loading and steroid-induced OHT. Results: IOP lowering effect of OBE 0.5% in oculonormotensive rabbit eyes was significantly greater compared to OBE 0.25% (p<0.05) but was comparable (p>0.05) to OBE 1%. Therefore, 0.5% concentration was selected for further evaluation. Pretreatment with OBE (0.5%) caused significantly lower increase in IOP after water loading amounting to 23.39% above baseline as compared to 54.00% in control eye, 15 minutes post water loading. At 60 minutes, post water loading, mean IOP rise was 95.12% and 63.58% in control and test eyes, respectively. Significant difference between the mean IOP of two eyes persisted during the 2nd hr. In rabbits with steroid induced OHT, OBE 0.5% produced a mean IOP reduction of 24.73% at the end of first hr and the mean peak IOP reduction of 31.63% was observed at the end of 2 hr. A significant difference between the IOP of test and control eyes persisted from 1 to 6 hr. Conclusions: Ocimum basilicum seed extract showed significant IOP lowering effect in rabbits with water loading and steroid induced OHT, however, its utility as an effective antiglaucoma medication needs further investigations.

Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil as Adjunct Therapy in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Nazli Zainuddin ◽  
Nurul Azira Mohd Shah ◽  
Rosdan Salim
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Nasal Symptom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Introduction: The role of virgin coconut oil in the treatment of allergic rhinitis is controversial. Thus, the aim of the present study is to determine the effects of virgin coconut oil ingestion, in addition to standard medications, on allergic rhinitis. We also studied the side effects of consumption of virgin coconut oil. Methods: Fifty two subjects were equally divided into test and control groups. All subjects received a daily dose of 10mg of loratadine for 28 days. The test group was given 10ml of virgin coconut oil three times a day in addition to loratadine. The symptoms of allergic rhinitis were scored at the beginning and end of the study. Results:, the symptom score were divided into nasal and non-nasal symptom scores. Sneezing score showed a significant difference, however the score was more in control group than test group, indicating that improvement in symptom was more in control group. The rest of the nasal symptom and non-nasal symptom score showed no significant difference between test and control groups. Approximately 58% of the test subjects developed side effects from consumption of virgin coconut oil, mainly gastrointestinal side effects. Conclusion: In the present study, ingestion of virgin coconut oil does not improve the overall and individual symptoms of allergic rhinitis, furthermore it has side effects.

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