Jack Pine Nitrogen Fertilization and Nutrition Studies: Three Year Results

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
D. Algar
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Optimum Nutrition

The response of a 40-year-old even-aged jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand to nitrogen fertilization was studied in four experiments.Smothering of the ericaceous ground vegetation layer with straw led to increased tree growth rates and improved N uptake. The application of calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and urea at 112 and 448 kg N/ha was followed by analysis of the composition of extractable humus N, together with foliar and increment analyses. After a 3-year response period, there was evidence for the superiority of the ammonium nitrate form of N fertilizer over urea. The applications of urea appear to have been associated with possible N volatilization losses, and also inadequate urease activity in the thin dry humus layer which led to delayed N uptake by the trees. Calcium nitrate, although not an efficient fertilizer, was associated with appreciable growth responses, even though increased foliar and extractable humus N concentrations were not maintained.An optimum nutrition experiment utilizing repeated fertilization indicated that sustained foliar nutrient regimes can be maintained.The study indicated that growth increases were associated with increased unit needle weights as well as increased foliar N concentrations. A graphical technique which analyzes treatment responses, unit needle weight, and nutrient concentration, was used to screen response data, without waiting the customary 5-year period for stem increment response.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana). I. Cheminement des engrais dans le sol

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-422
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Coated Urea

Six nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate) were individually applied, either in fall or in spring, at a rate of 224 kg N/ha and compared for nitrogen retention in the different horizons of a podzol under jack pine. Despite its susceptibility to nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, urea was by far, among readily available nitrogen fertilizers, the one whose nitrogen is best retained in soil surface horizons. Retention varied with weather conditions that prevailed immediately after fertilizer application. With the other fertilizers used, nitrogen retention followed this order: ammonium sulfate > ammonium nitrate > calcium nitrate. After four seasons, about 50% of the nitrogen applied as sulfur-coated urea and urea-formaldehyde was still found in its original form. Ammonium sulfate is next to urea among the recommended nitrogen sources for similar jack pine sites, considering that fertilizers with nitrate are prone to leaching and the sulfur-coated urea and urea-formaldehyde used presented problems of nitrogen availability.

Ten-year growth results of nitrogen source and interprovincial experiments on jack pine

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
R. M. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Volume Response ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
N Fertilizer Efficiency

Sample plots in a 45-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand in Quebec were fertilized with urea, ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate in single applications of 112 or 448 kg N/ha. There were no significant differences in periodic volume response owing to the form of N added; applications of 112 kg N/ha gave temporary increases in stand growth which lasted 4–5 years, while applications of 448 kg N/ha produced responses lasting 7–8 years. In an experiment of the standardized interprovincial series no significant differences in periodic volume response were found although there was an indication of increased response to the addition of P with N. Fertilizer efficiency was examined for single and repeated applications on the site. The most efficient fertilizer use was with repeated light applications of 56 kg N/ha, requiring 8 kg N for every cubic metre per hectare produced.

Fertilisation azotée en forêt de pin gris (Pinusbanksiana) II. Variations de la masse foliaire et des éléments nutritifs du feuillage de pin gris et de quelques espèces du sous-bois

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Camiré ◽  
B. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Fertilisation Azotée

Fall or spring applications of six different nitrogen fertilizers (urea, sulfur-coated urea, urea-formaldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and calcium nitrate) at a rate of 224 kg N/ha in an 18-year-old jack pine stand induced a very rapid increase of nitrogen concentration in current year and 1-year-old needles, as well as in weight of current year needles. In the latter, nitrogen content (concentration × weight) increased more than 100% the 1st year following fertilization in the ammonium sulfate and the ammonium nitrate treatments applied in spring. Response did not last more than 2 years. Foliar analysis of other elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn) revealed a reduction of P concentration in the needles sampled the first fall after treatment together with a reduction of Ca and Mn in the current foliage of the second and third seasons after treatment. Changes in nitrogen concentration in Kalmiaangustifolia L. and particularly in Solidagopuberula Nutt. were in good correlation with those observed in jack pine needles.

The effect of different nitrogenous fertilizers, applied as solids or solutions, on the yield and nitrate-N content of established grass and newly sown ryegrass

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
N Content ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Solid Form

Experiments on permanent grass and newly sown Italian ryegrass compared ammonium hydroxide solution, with ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea, applied at 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as solids, and also when dissolved in water to give a final N content of 5 %. Ammonium hydroxide solution containing 5% N damaged established grass severely and did not increase drymatter yields; when applied to the seed-bed before sowing Italian ryegrass, ammonium hydroxide solution did not affect germination but yields were lower than with other N fertilizers.On permanent grass all fertilizers significantly increased dry-matter yields and N uptake at both cuts. The form of N fertilizer did not significantly affect dry-matter yields or N uptake of grass of the first cut. The method of application (i.e. solid or liquid) did not affect dry-matter yields, except that ammonium nitrate in solution gave a significantly higher yield than did the solid form at the second cut; the grass had higher N content with solid forms than with solutions. The grass took up more N from solid forms than from solutions except with ammonium nitrate at the second cut. Delaying the N application by 20 days decreased dry-matter yields considerably and increased the N content of the grass.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Field-grown Leaf Lettuce for Spring Harvest

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Chohura ◽  
Eugeniusz Kołota
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Leaf Lettuce ◽  
Spring Harvest

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Field-grown Leaf Lettuce for Spring HarvestTwo field experiments with leaf lettuce were carried out in 2006-2008. Each of them was set up in a random sub-block design in 3 replications and a two-factorial system. The first factor represented different nitrogen doses that were used to obtain the required N level in the soil prior to planting the seedlings, the levels being: 50, 100 and 150 mg N·dm-3. The second factor incorporated 4 nitrogenous fertilizers which were different in terms of chemical composition, and, more importantly, contained different nitrogen forms for introduction to the soil: ammonium nitrate 34% N-[NH4NO3], calcium nitrate 15.5% N-[Ca(NO3)2xH2O+NH4NO3], ammonium sulphate 20.0% N-[(NH4)2SO4], and ENTEC 26% N-[NH4NO3+(NH4)2SO4+0.8% DMPP]. Two varieties of leaf lettuce were used: Casabella (of the type Lollo Bionda) with green leaves, and Klausia (of the type Lollo Rosa) with red leaves. The best sources of nitrogen for the lettuce plants were the fertilizers ENTEC 26 and ammonium nitrate, which in contrast to calcium nitrate and ammonium sulphate made it possible to obtain significantly higher yields of lettuce. Irrespective of the kind of the nitrogenous fertilizer used, increasing the concentration of nitrogen in the soil from 50 mg N·dm-3to 100 mg N·dm-3resulted in a significant increase in the marketable yield of lettuce. At 150 mg N·dm-3this yield remained at a level similar to that at 100 mg N·dm-3. The lettuce fertilized with ammonium sulphate was marked by the lowest mean nitrate content in the leaves before harvest. The use of gradually higher doses of nitrogen resulted in a reduced dry weight content and lower levels of total and reducing sugars in lettuce leaves. With respect to yield size and quality, the recommended concentration of nitrogen in the soil for leaf lettuce should not exceed 100 mg N·dm-3.

Intraseasonal growth and nutrient composition of jack pine needles following fertilization

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 696-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Morrow ◽  
V. R. Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Seasonal Responses

Seasonal responses in dry weight, nutrient concentration, and nutrient content of current and year-old needles of plantation jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) were examined after treatment with factorial combinations of N, P, and K applied at 0 and 100 kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization not only increased dry matter production and N composition of new needles, but also increased uptake of P, K, Ca, and Mg by prolonging the active growing season. Net translocation of N from old to new foliage occurred only in N-deficient trees at the peak of the growing season. Application of P and (or) K failed to increase growth and nutrient uptake of needles, except for P additions which induced luxury consumption of phosphorous. Diagnosis of foliar nutrient status indicated P and K as sufficient and N as deficient for growth in this stand.

Ten-year growth and nutrition effects of a straw treatment and of repeated fertilization on jack pine

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
R. M. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Optimum Nutrition ◽  
Sustained Increase

Straw was added over snow to smother ground vegetation (straw experiment) in sample plots in a 45-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand in Quebec. Sample plots in the same stand were fertilized six times with N, P, and K in a 10-year period to maintain four foliar N regimes (optimum nutrition experiment). Smothering of ground vegetation with straw improved N nutrition and produced a sustained increase in tree growth. Sustained growth increases were obtained by repeated applications of 56 kg N/ha associated with 1.4% N foliar concentrations in current foliage. Gross volume increments of about 3 m3 • ha−1 • year−1 were sustained with these low applications. Repeated heavy N applications killed trees and reduced growth. Repeated additions of P and K with N did not produce appreciable differences in response from additions of N alone. Increment cores showed the annual development in growth as increasing over most of the 10-year period for low repeated N additions, and as increased and stable over the same period for the straw addition.

The effect of rate, form and timing of fertilizer N on nitrogen uptake and grain N content in spring malting barley

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. P. McTaggart ◽  
K. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out on six sites in eastern Scotland between 1987 and 1989 to determine the effect of nitrogen on the yield, N uptake and grain N concentration of spring barley grown for malting. The effects of fertilizer applications at rates from 0 to 150 kg N ha-1 and the timing of application were studied, using three fertilizer forms: calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate. Calcium nitrate applications significantly increased grain N concentrations (P < 0·05), and grain yields (P < 0·01 and 0·05) at two sites, above the values obtained with the other fertilizers, but there was no effect at the other sites. Split applications of calcium nitrate increased yields above those from single applications in some treatments at two sites. At low rates, recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer was greatest when applied as calcium nitrate. Recovery fell at higher rates in calcium nitrate treatments, but rose in ammonium sulphate treatments. Uptake of fertilizer N, during the period of stem elongation in June, was significantly greater (P < 0·05) in the calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate treatments. Maximum uptake was usually reached by the time of anthesis. Uptake of soil N was not as great during the early sampling periods, but continued up to harvest in most treatments. There was evidence of losses, between anthesis and harvest, of fertilizer N previously taken up by the crop. The uptake of soil N remained constant over the range of fertilizer treatments except with ammonium sulphate, where there was evidence of increased uptake at higher fertilizer rates, possibly due to ‘pool substitution’ of 15N-labelled fertilizer. The variation in soil N uptake between sites was greater than the variation in fertilizer N uptake caused by different forms of fertilizer and different application times.

Viscosity, electrical conductivity and density of the system ammonium nitrate-dimethyl sulphoxide

1984 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115
Author(s):  
Jindřich Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kodejš ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Present System ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of highly concentrated solutions of ammonium nitrate in dimethyl sulphoxide have been determined over the temperature range 10-60 °C and the concentration range 7-50 mol% of the salt. The variations in the quantities as a function of temperature and concentration have been correlated by empirical equations. A comparison is made between the transport properties for the present system, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate, and calcium nitrate solutions in dimethyl sulphoxide.

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