Effects of seedling age on blister rust resistance assessments in eastern white pine and its hybrid backcrosses

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Darren Derbowka
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Seedling Age ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Younger Age

Seedling age at the time of artificial white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) inoculation can affect the duration and accuracy of resistance assessments for eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) and its hybrid backcrosses and thereby affect advances in breeding programs intended to enhance genetic resistance to the pathogen. Based on postinoculation seedling mortality rates, up to 5 years were required to rank resistance of eastern white pine genotypes when seedlings were inoculated with C. ribicola at 2 years of age compared with less than 2 years when they were inoculated after the first growing season. In this study, we evaluated and compared consistency of genotype rankings in seedling mortality rates between the two inoculation approaches. Assessment results from inoculating seedlings after the first growing season proved as reliable as those achieved by inoculating them after the second growing season. Inoculating seedlings at a younger age not only substantially reduced experimental time and costs but also allowed a larger number of seedlings to be screened for resistance, leading to higher experimental precision.

Breeding eastern white pine for blister rust resistance: A review of progress in Ontario

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Darren Derbowka
Keyword(s):  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Major Resistance Genes

White pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) is a primary cause of poor survival and growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and has contributed to the species’ decline across its range. Genetic resistance to C. ribicola is generally weak in eastern white pine, possibly owing to the absence of meaningful resistance alleles. Integrating major resistance genes from Eurasian 5-needle pine species to P. strobus has been demonstrated to be effective through traditional plant breeding approaches. This paper provides a review of progress after more than half a century of breeding and testing in Ontario. Key words: Pinus strobus, white pine blister rust, genetic resistance, interspecific hybridization

Improving the resistance of eastern white pine to white pine blister rust disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 423 ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn C. Pike ◽  
Paul Berrang ◽  
Scott Rogers ◽  
Andy David ◽  
Carrie Sweeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Blister Rust

scholarly journals Genetic resistance to white pine blister rust in limber pine (Pinus flexilis): major gene resistance in a northern population

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Robert Danchok ◽  
Douglas P. Savin ◽  
Jun-Jun Liu ◽  
Angelia Kegley
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
The Status

Limber pine, Pinus flexilis E. James, a wide-ranging tree species in western North America, is highly susceptible to white pine blister rust (WPBR), caused by the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. The Canadian populations in particular have been heavily impacted, and in 2014, limber pine was designated endangered in Canada by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Little is known about genetic resistance to WPBR in limber pine, but major gene resistance (MGR) has been characterized in some populations in the United States. This study examines resistance in seedling families from 13 parent trees from British Columbia, Alberta, and Oregon, representing the northern- and northwestern-most populations. Most families were susceptible, with 100% of the seedlings cankered, but one family from Alberta segregated 1:1 for cankered and canker free. This is the first report of (a) MGR in Canada of any of the four species of five-needle pines native to Canada and (b) any resistance in limber pine in Canadian populations and is the northernmost known incidence of putative R-gene resistance in a natural stand of any five-needle pine species. Many of the Canadian selections were from stands with high incidence of WPBR infection, and their high susceptibility in this trial suggests that further infection and mortality is likely in the Canadian populations.

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust Resistance in Limber Pine: Evidence for a Major Gene

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Schoettle ◽  
R. A. Sniezko ◽  
A. Kegley ◽  
K. S. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
R Gene ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is being threatened by the lethal disease white pine blister rust caused by the non-native pathogen Cronartium ribicola. The types and frequencies of genetic resistance to the rust will likely determine the potential success of restoration or proactive measures. These first extensive inoculation trials using individual tree seed collections from >100 limber pine trees confirm that genetic segregation of a stem symptom-free trait to blister rust is consistent with inheritance by a single dominant resistance (R) gene, and the resistance allele appears to be distinct from the R allele in western white pine. Following previous conventions, we are naming the R gene for limber pine “Cr4.” The frequency of the Cr4 allele across healthy and recently invaded populations in the Southern Rocky Mountains was unexpectedly high (5.0%, ranging from 0 to 13.9%). Cr4 is in equilibrium, suggesting that it is not a product of a recent mutation and may have other adaptive significance within the species, possibly related to other abiotic or biotic stress factors. The identification of Cr4 in native populations of limber pine early in the invasion progress in this region provides useful information for predicting near-term impacts and structuring long-term management strategies.

Application of slow-release tablets to enhance white pine regeneration: growth response and efficacy against white pine blister rust

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 684-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G Pitt ◽  
Timothy Meyer ◽  
Mya Park ◽  
Linda MacDonald ◽  
Teresa Buscarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Regeneration

Three field studies were established in northeastern Ontario to test the ability of slow-release tablets to provide prophylactic protection against white pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) and thereby improve the long-term survival, health, and growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Experimental treatments included factorial rate combinations the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®), the insecticide imidacloprid (Merit®), and fertilizer (N–P–K, 15:8.5:3.75). Mean foliar fungicide residues increased to maximal levels (0.21 to 3.1 µg/g fresh mass (fm)) within 1 to 2 years posttreatment and declined markedly to <0.3 µg/g fm 3 to 4 years posttreatment. Dose-dependent and temporal trends observed in foliar residue levels were reflected by parallel trends in efficacy. At ≥2000 ppm triadimefon, infection rates were reduced to between 35% and 70% and mortality rates were reduced to between 6% and 52% over seven growing seasons across the three sites. In contrast, untreated seedlings had infection rates between 60% and 98% and mortality rates between 30% and 90%. Neither fungicide nor insecticide treatments had significant effects on surviving seedling growth. Differences in fungicide uptake, disease incidence, and seedling growth in response to fertilization were observed among the three sites. Direct weed control, provided at one site, appeared to offer relatively greater health and growth benefits than fertilization.

scholarly journals Quantitative Disease Resistance to White Pine Blister Rust at Southwestern White Pine’s (Pinus strobiformis) Northern Range

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Johnson ◽  
Richard A. Sniezko
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Quantitative Disease Resistance ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Species

White pine blister rust, caused by the non-native, invasive fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola, is a significant cause of mortality in white pines (Pinus subgenus Strobus) in North America. Along with climate-driven range contraction, mortality from blister rust can seriously impact the abundance and distribution of the nine white pine species native to the United States and Canada. Very little evaluation of this disease in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) has been previously undertaken, but genetic resistance to the disease has been documented, including major gene resistance (MGR) conferred by a dominant R gene. Data is emerging suggesting that the species also has quantitative disease resistance (QR). Our results suggest QR occurs at low frequency, with perhaps 10% of trees having a moderate level (&gt; 35% survival). We assessed progeny arrays from 40 P. strobiformis families (1873 seedlings), originating from three populations, inoculated with C. ribicola. Subsequently, the seedlings were assessed for signs, symptoms and resulting impact in a common garden trial over a 7.5-year period to determine the types and frequency of resistance in a portion of this species’ range. There was a high incidence of both stem symptoms and mortality in the P. strobiformis families tested, and families ranged in survival from 0 to 84.6%. Three families had &gt; 70% survival, representing perhaps the highest documented QR to date in a North American white pine species. Approximately 29.1% of the 441 surviving seedlings showed no stem symptoms, and of the approximately 70.8% of seedlings surviving with infections only few (24 of 316) had infections of moderate to high severity. QR traits associated with improved survival were primarily related to lower severity of infection, a reduced number of stem symptoms, and an increased number of bark reactions. Despite the high overall susceptibility, the presence of QR appears to be at a frequency and level useful to forest managers involved in restoration and reforestation efforts.

Distribution and frequency of a gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in natural populations of sugar pine

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1319-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Sugar Pine

The gametic frequency of a dominant allele (R) for resistance to white pine blister rust, a disease caused by an introduced pathogen (Cronartium ribicola), in natural populations of sugar pine was estimated by the kind of leaf symptom expressed after artificial inoculation of wind-pollinated seedlings from susceptible seed–parent genotypes (rr). Gene frequency increased clinally from near 0 in the southern Cascade Range to 0.08 in the southern Sierra Nevada, but it was not correlated with any major climatic gradient. Because R expresses a typical hypersensitivity response to pathogenesis, it has probably always functioned in disease resistance. A candidate pathogen for this function is C. occidentale, cause of pinyon blister rust, and a close relative of C. ribicola. Increase in allele frequency was positively associated with the proximity of sugar pine to single-leaf pinyon pine populations. Although sugar pine is not presently a natural host of pinyon rust, R may be a relict gene that protected sugar pine from this endemic pathogen in recent geologic epochs, when both pines are known to have been more intimately associated. Key words: Cronartium ribicola, genetic resistance, Pinus lambertiana, population genetics.

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust in North America: Past and Prognosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 1044-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Ribes Spp

After a full century in North America, the blister rust epidemic has yet to stabilize, continuing to spread into warmer and drier areas previously considered climatically inhospitable. The disease apparently has no environmental limits wherever white pines and Ribes spp. cohabit and will eventually become pandemic. Although much timber value has been lost, more severe long-term damage is disruption caused to ecosystems by altered patterns of natural succession. During the last half of the century just past, development of genetic resistance superceded other direct control measures—mainly Ribes spp. eradication and antibiotics—which proved ineffective and/or unfeasible in large areas of the white pine range, especially in the West. Several mechanisms of complete (major gene) and partial resistance are common to at least several white pine species. Although North American populations of rust have low genetic variability overall, rust genotypes with specific virulence to major resistance genes exist in some local demes at high frequencies. The challenge will be to package and deploy resistance genes in ways that will dampen sudden increases in rust races of wide virulence. New introductions of blister rust from its gene center in Asia remain the gravest threat to genetic improvement programs.

scholarly journals Forest disease records on eastern white pine in Atlantic Canada: 1950 to 1996

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Forest Health ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Forest Disease ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Health Database

Between 1936 and 1996, the Forest Insect and Disease Survey (FIDS) of the Canadian Forest Service of Natural Resources Canada surveyed eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) throughout Atlantic Canada. During those years, FIDS reported its insect and disease findings in a wide variety of regional and national reports and in the scientific literature. The National Forest Health Database contains these electronic records and indicates the distribution and relative importance of forest diseases and fungi for many tree species in Atlantic Canada. This paper is a frequency analysis of the fungal diseases recorded from the Atlantic provinces in the National Forest Health Database and reported in the various Maritime, Newfoundland and national FIDS reports. The significant eastern white pine diseases (e.g., white pine blister rust – Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) that are established in Atlantic Canada as well as other diseases that are found elsewhere in Canada, but not yet in the Atlantic provinces are discussed. Occurrence data for 40 of the less frequently collected fungal species are presented in a summary table. Key words: white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola, eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, Scleroderris canker, Gremmeniella abietina, Annosus root rot, Heterobasidion annosum, white pine root decline, Leptographium procerum, needle cast, Lophodermium pinastri, brown felt fungus, Septobasidium pinicola, Atlantic Canada, forest disease

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