Biomass partitioning in a miniature-scale loblolly pine spacing trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Russell ◽  
Harold E. Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L. Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Stand Conditions ◽  
Insight Into

Stand conditions influence the partitioning of biomass to stem, needle, branch, and root components. Using data from 4- to 6-year-old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in a miniature-scale spacing trial, this study determined the effect of initial spacing on the biomass partitioning of loblolly pine. Multivariate analysis of variance procedures concluded that row and column spacing did not have a significant effect on the relative amount of biomass among tree components. Root/shoot and height/diameter ratios, however, differed across densities, indicating that allometric-based partitioning tradeoffs occurred. Results from the miniature-scale trees showed trends similar to those observed with mature-sized trees at operational spatial scales. Stem and woody roots were 70% and 14% of total mass, respectively. Since these trees were physiologically young at the time of harvest, the allocation of mass to needle continued to be a priority, accounting for 10% of the total mass. Initial planting spacing did not directly affect partitioning patterns; however, allometric ratios offered some evidence that partitioning may have changed between above- and below-ground tree components. This analysis offers insight into using principles from similarity analysis to analytically relate biomass partitioning from miniature to operational spatial scales.

scholarly journals Genotypic Stability Effects on Predicted Family Responses to Silvicultural Treatments in Loblolly Pine

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. McKeand ◽  
Robert P. Crook ◽  
H. Lee Allen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Genotypic Stability ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract The lack of rank change in growth characteristics when open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) are planted on different sites in the Southeast has greatly simplified breeding for superior genotypes. Although family rank does not usually change, genotype by environment interactions (GxE) may be very important in operational deployment of families in regeneration programs. Using data from GxE trials and two site preparation-fertilization-herbicide trials, we estimated the growth that different families should achieve following application of these silvicultural practices. Better performing families tend to be most responsive to site changes (i.e. genetically unstable). Growth responses to silvicultural treatment will be overestimated if only the most responsive families are used in silvicultural research trials. Similarly, genetic gains will be overestimated if gain trials are planted on only the best sites or receive intensive culture. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):84-89.

scholarly journals Application of a Negative Multinomial Model Gives Insight into Rarity-Area Relationships

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Youhua Chen ◽  
Yongbin Wu ◽  
Weihua Chen ◽  
Tian Zhao ◽  
Wenyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Barro Colorado Island ◽  
Field Sampling ◽  
Local Sample ◽  
Negative Multinomial Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Insight Into

The distribution of individuals of different species across different sampling units is typically non-random. This distributional non-independence can be interpreted and modelled as a correlated multivariate distribution. However, this correlation cannot be modelled using a totally independent and random distribution such as the Poisson distribution. In this study, we utilized the negative multinomial distribution to overcome the problem encountered by the commonly used Poisson distribution and used it to derive insight into the implications of field sampling for rare species’ distributions. Mathematically, we derived, from the negative multinomial distribution and sampling theory, contrasting relationships between sampling area, and the proportions of locally rare and regionally rare species in ecological assemblages presenting multi-species correlated distribution. With the suggested model, we explored the cross-scale relationships between the spatial extent, the population threshold for defining the rarity of species, and the multi-species correlated distribution pattern using data from two 50-ha tropical forest plots in Barro Colorado Island (Panama) and Heishiding Provincial Reserve (Guangdong Province, China). Notably, unseen species (species with zero abundance in the studied local sample) positively contributed to the distributional non-independence of species in a local sample. We empirically confirmed these findings using the plot data. These findings can help predict rare species–area relationships at various spatial scales, potentially informing biodiversity conservation and development of optimal field sampling strategies.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Characterization of Embryonic Stage Inbreeding Depression in a Selfed Loblolly Pine Family

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Remington ◽  
David M O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Interval Mapping ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Mapping Procedure ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Lethal Equivalents ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

AbstractInbreeding depression is important in the evolution of plant populations and mating systems. Previous studies have suggested that early-acting inbreeding depression in plants is primarily due to lethal alleles and possibly epistatic interactions. Recent advances in molecular markers now make genetic mapping a powerful tool to study the genetic architecture of inbreeding depression. We describe a genome-wide evaluation of embryonic viability loci in a selfed family of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), using data from AFLP markers from an essentially complete genome map. Locus positions and effects were estimated from segregation ratios using a maximum-likelihood interval mapping procedure. We identified 19 loci showing moderately deleterious to lethal embryonic effects. These loci account for >13 lethal equivalents, greater than the average of 8.5 lethal equivalents reported for loblolly pine. Viability alleles show predominantly recessive action, although potential overdominance occurs at 3 loci. We found no evidence for epistasis in the distribution of pairwise marker correlations or in the regression of fitness on the number of markers linked to deleterious alleles. The predominant role of semilethal alleles in embryonic inbreeding depression has implications for the evolution of isolated populations and for genetic conservation and breeding programs in conifers.

Water depth changes and biomass allocation in two contrasting macrophytes

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Rea ◽  
GG Ganf
Keyword(s):  
Total Mass ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Water Level Changes ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Slow Turnover

The response of B. arthrophylla and T. procerum in pot experiments to depth and depth changes provided insight into how plants survive fluctuating water levels. At 0 cm depth, most biomass was placed below ground, which can be interpreted as the placement of resource-acquiring tissues (roots, rhizomes) in resource (nutrients, space) -supplying environments. At 50 and 100 cm, the placement of biomass into shoots recognized the need for a higher supply of above-ground resources (light, inorganic carbon, oxygen). However, the responses of the two species to flooding or exposure differed. Rhizome storage supported an increase in the number and height of B. arthrophylla stems when flooded by 50 cm but this species was unable to counteract submergence to 100 cm without the critical loss of root mass. The slow turnover rate of the cuticularized B. arthrophylla stems indicates that biomass needs to be allocated above water as well as above ground. Other responses indicated that this species may be better suited to seasonally fluctuating rather than permanent water levels. T. procerum dealt with water level changes via morphological plasticity. Along with the rapid growth and turnover of the spongy leaves, its shoot and total mass were maintained primarily from resources in the tubers.

Compacting Coastal Plain soils changes midrotation loblolly pine allometry by reducing root biomass

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 2169-2176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim H. Ludovici
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Factorial combinations of soil compaction and organic matter removal were replicated at the Long Term Site Productivity study in the Croatan National Forest, near New Bern, North Carolina, USA. Ten years after planting, 18 preselected loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) trees were destructively harvested to quantify treatment effects on total above- and below-ground tree biomass and to detect any changes in the absolute and relative allocation patterns. Stem volume at year 10 was not affected by compaction treatments, even though the ultisols on these sites continued to have higher bulk densities than noncompacted plots. However, even when site preparation treatments were undetectable aboveground, the treatments significantly altered absolute root growth and tree biomass allocation patterns. Soil compaction decreased taproot production and significantly increased the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass. Decreased root production will decrease carbon and nutrient stores belowground, which may impact future site productivity.

scholarly journals Comparison of biomass partitioning and transpiration for water-stressed shortleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf × loblolly pine hybrid seedlings

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1364-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua C. Bradley ◽  
Rodney E. Will
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Hybrid Pine ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Hybridization between shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) has dramatically increased and may threaten the genetic integrity of shortleaf pine. Shortleaf pine is presumed to be more drought tolerant than loblolly pine, but the drought hardiness of the hybrid pine is not known. We determined biomass partitioning in response to water stress and measured whole-plant transpiration of shortleaf, loblolly, and hybrid pine seedlings. Water stress decreased total seedling biomass, increased biomass partitioning to foliage, and decreased biomass partitioning to coarse roots. Shortleaf pine seedlings partitioned more biomass to coarse roots than loblolly pine, and hybrid pine was intermediate between the parent species. We found no differences in the level of soil moisture at which seedlings of different species began to limit transpiration. Our results suggest that the transpiration response of shortleaf pine and hybrid pine is similar to that of loblolly pine when exposed to water stress. However, greater partitioning to coarse root may allow shortleaf and hybrid pines to better withstand drought due to greater potential belowground carbohydrate supply.

scholarly journals Above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, production, and distribution of sweetgum and loblolly pine grown with irrigation and fertilization

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1335-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Coyle ◽  
Mark D. Coleman ◽  
Doug P. Aubrey
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Nutrient Amendments

Increased forest productivity has been obtained by improving resource availability through water and nutrient amendments. However, more stress-tolerant species that have robust site requirements do not respond consistently to irrigation. An important factor contributing to robust site requirements may be the distribution of biomass belowground, yet available information is limited. We examined the accumulation and distribution of above- and below-ground biomass in sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) stands receiving irrigation and fertilization. Mean annual aboveground production after 4 years ranged from 2.4 to 5.1 Mg·ha–1·year–1 for sweetgum and from 5.0 to 6.9 Mg·ha–1·year–1 for pine. Sweetgum responded positively to irrigation and fertilization with an additive response to irrigation + fertilization. Pine only responded to fertilization. Sweetgum root mass fraction (RMF) increased with fertilization at 2 years and decreased with fertilization at 4 years. There were no detectable treatment differences in loblolly pine RMF. Development explained from 67% to 98% of variation in shoot versus root allometry for ephemeral and perennial tissues, fertilization explained no more than 5% of the variation in for either species, and irrigation did not explain any. We conclude that shifts in allocation from roots to shoots do not explain nutrient-induced growth stimulations.

Spacing rectangularity effect on the growth of loblolly pine plantations

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Harold E Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Tree Data ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

The effect of spacing rectangularity on tree growth and stand development was evaluated using tree data obtained annually from a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing trial monitored through age 16 years. In this trial, plots with an initial planting density of 2240 trees/ha occur at slightly and highly rectangular spacings. Spacings with rectangularities 3:4 and 1:3 were used to evaluate the rectangularity effect. Survival and the development of height, diameter, volume per hectare, and basal area per hectare of loblolly pine trees were not affected by rectangularity. Diameter and height distributions were found to be a function of age but not a function of the rectangularity of initial spacing. Crown width, however, was affected by rectangularity. The crown width was larger at larger row or column distance than at smaller row or column distance, but the ratio of crown widths between and within rows was not equal to the rectangularity of the original planting spacing.

The effect of spacing rectangularity on stem quality in loblolly pine plantations

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L Amateis ◽  
Philip J Radtke ◽  
Gerald D Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Stem Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Branch Size ◽  
Tree Stem

The effect of spacing rectangularity on tree stem quality was evaluated using data collected from a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) spacing trial measured at age 19. In this trial, bole condition, branch size, and stem asymmetry were examined on plots with an initial planting density of 2240 trees/ha planted at slight (3:4) and greater (1:3) rectangular spacings to determine suitability for sawtimber production. Results indicated that rectangularity had no significant effect on survival or the number of potential sawtimber trees by age 19. While the 1:3 spacing treatment had a significantly larger maximum branch size than the 3:4 spacing treatment, it could not be attributed to the within-row or between-row direction. Additional measurements on stem diameter at breast height within and between rows failed to show stem asymmetry in the 1:3 spacing treatment. Consequently, rectangular spacings up to 1:3 should not have much impact on overall stem quality.

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