Choosing an appropriate planting scheme for intensive apple gardens

This article describes the intensive planting of varieties of apples belonging to local and foreign selection in soil and climatic conditions of Tashkent region in 4 different (4.0x2.5; 4.0x2.0; 4.0x1.5 and 4.0x1.0 m.) planting schemes, mainly in varieties with low tree height and small branch size, the effect of planting schemes on tree habitat is small. In contrast, in varieties with high biological growth rate, the effect of planting schemes was found to be high. However, data have shown that as the length of the main branches in apple tree trees decreases, they cause an increase in ring-shaped fruit branches, which in turn affects the yield in the trees by reducing the feeding area.

Genetic Variation for Economically Important Traits in Cupressus lusitanica in New Zealand

Increasing productivity and tolerance against cypress canker disease is an important goal in the Mexican white cypress breeding program in New Zealand, and screening has been in place since 1983. Cypress canker disease is caused by Seiridium cardinale and Seiridium cupressi, the current study presents the results of two progeny trials within the breeding program in the North Island of New Zealand. The trials were established as open-pollinated progeny tested and were assessed for diameter at breast height, branch size, canker severity score, malformation score, and stem straightness score and acceptability score. Heritability estimates were moderate ranging from 0.21 to 0.41 for diameter at breast height and from 0.14 to 0.31 for canker severity score. Stem form attributes showed heritability from 0.08 (malformation) to 0.38 (straightness). No trait showed any significant G × E interaction between investigated sites. This was supported by the very strong genetic correlations estimated between the traits recorded in Welcome Bay and Matata trials. Unfavourable genetic correlations ranging from 0.25 to 0.46 were found between diameter at breast height and canker severity score, indicating that the continued selection for genotypes with improved diameter at breast height would also increase susceptibility to cypress canker. Additionally, unfavourable genetic correlations ranging from 0.52 to 0.73 were found between branch size and diameter at breast height and should be considered in selection programs. The moderate heritability estimated for canker severity score indicates that breeding values for this trait could be predicted with acceptable accuracy and included in the breeding program for Cupressus lusitanica, enabling the identification of genotypes with tolerance to canker severity to be deployed to locations where cypress canker is present in New Zealand.

Left Main Trifurcation and Its Percutaneous Treatment

In humans, the most common anatomic variation of the left main (LM) stem is represented by its distal division in 3 branches (LM trifurcation) instead of 2. LM trifurcation disease accounts for ≈10% to 15% of all LM diseases and is often managed by cardiac surgery. Over the last decades, due to the improvement of interventional material and techniques, percutaneous coronary intervention started gaining acceptance to treat patients with LM disease including those with trifurcated anatomy. Yet, LM trifurcation stenosis with its intrinsic anatomic complexity (3 branches, at least 4 angles, wide variability in branch size and disease) is recognized as a challenging lesion subset for percutaneous coronary intervention. In this review, we summarize available data about LM trifurcation anatomy, its influence on percutaneous coronary intervention feasibility, and the evidence collected regarding the different technical options (including trissing balloon inflation).

Effects of Aspen and Spruce Density on Size and Number of Lower Branches 20 Years after Thinning of Two Boreal Mixedwood Stands

This study examined branch diameter, number of whorls, and number of branches in the lower 2 m of the stems of white spruce growing in pure stands and in mixture with a range of densities of trembling aspen. Data were collected from two study sites located north of Big River Saskatchewan, which were regenerated following clearcutting in 1992 and thinned in 1996 to five aspen densities and two spruce densities. Results show significant decreases in spruce diameter at breast height (DBH), height, live crown ratio, maximum branch diameter in the lower 2 m, average branch diameter in the whorl closest to 1 m, and increases in tree slenderness with increases in aspen density. Increasing spruce density reduced the number of live branches and number of live branch whorls in the lower 2 m. Maximum branch diameter in the whorl closest to 1 m was influenced by both aspen and spruce density, with a significant interaction term resulting from effects of intraspecific competition being evident for aspen densities of 1500 stems ha−1 or lower. DBH and slenderness explained more than 49% of the variation in spruce crown width, maximum branch diameter in the lower 2 m, maximum live branch diameter in the whorl closest to 1 m, and average live branch diameter in the whorl closest to 1 m. DBH explained more variation in crown width and branch diameter than slenderness. This study demonstrates that growing spruce in mixture with aspen can lead to reductions in branch size and that early thinning to low aspen densities could lead to increases in size of knots and associated reductions in wood quality, particularly when spruce densities are low.

The Determinant Factors of Auditor Switch (Empirical studies to Companies listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange)

In Indonesian, regulation about change auditor subsit on regulation of finance minister of Republic Indonesia Number 17/PMK.01/2008 article 3rd, requires the audit public services for financial reports of an entity by public accountant office branch maximum for 6 (six) book years in a row and a auditor maximum 3 (three) book years in a row. This study did in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX’s) on 2018. The aim of this research is to find major determinants of auditor switch among companies listed onIndonesian Stock Exchange. The research used statistic wald test at level significancy is 5%, the presents that change of management, firm size, , Public Accountant Office Branch Size, and fees audit thatt there is no affect significant impact on the auditor switching in manufacturing companies who listed at Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX’s)

The Influence of Organizational Culture on E-Commerce Adoption

This study aims to investigate the influence of different organizational cultures on e-commerce adoption in Jordanian commercial banks. The study is of value to banks by helping them to evaluate their readiness to adopt e-commerce through reviewing the type of leadership, risk appetite, innovation and e-commerce activities. As banks are designing and deploying a range of new e-commerce products, the importance of pursuing and conducting business online becomes relevant, as, if they fail to respond to the opportunities, banks could be consigned to a largely secondary role as e-commerce shifts over time. E-commerce is progressing by creating new streams of competition and compelling banks to make choices about services they offer, networks branch size and distribution, and the extent of their support for interbank payment network.The major findings of this study have indicated that there is a positive correlation between organizational culture and e-commerce adoption. More specifically, the study has revealed that the adhocracy system of organization and management is more prevalently implemented in e-commerce activities than other systems in Jordanian commercial banks. In contrast, hierarchy cultural commercial banks are not adopters of e-commerce activities, and the organizational culture differences explain these issues. A number of recommendations have appeared in light of findings; managers need to place greater focus and attention on their organization culture if they pursue innovation/imitation of strategies. Jordanian commercial banks are advised to focus on activities that enhance e-commerce adoption as to evaluate its status quo in terms of characteristics and the prevailing culture type. This is in order to successfully apply the adoption effectively and efficiently by filling the gap between the association of organization culture and e-commerce adoption.