Genetic variation in decay resistance and its correlation to wood density and growth in white spruce

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2177-2183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qibin Yu ◽  
Dian-Qing Yang ◽  
S Y Zhang ◽  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Isabelle Duchesne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Decay Fungus ◽  
Tree Decay

This study investigated the genetic variation of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in decay resistance and its correlation with wood density and growth. Three fungi were examined, a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum), a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and a standing-tree-decay fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola). The decay resistance was inversely related to the growth rate of the fungi on heartwood blocks. A total of 270 trees of 35 families were harvested from 36-year-old provenance–progeny trials at two sites through a thinning operation. The narrow-sense heritabilities of white spruce decay resistance to brown rot and white rot were 0.21 and 0.27, respectively. There were no significant differences in resistance to standing-tree-decay fungus among the families. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the growth rate of brown rot on heartwood blocks and wood density were positive, but the genetic correlation between wood density and the growth rate of white rot on heartwood blocks was negative but not significant. The results indicate that the different species of fungi have different relationships with the annual growth of trees and wood density, and suggest that selection for wood density in white spruce might lead to an increase in resistance to white rot, but a decrease in resistance to brown rot.

Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Emmerich ◽  
Maja Bleckmann ◽  
Sarah Strohbusch ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Susanne Bollmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

Thermal Stability and Decay Resistance Properties of Tropical Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNC)

2013 ◽  
Vol 667 ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
Mohamad Rusop ◽  
Md. Rezaur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Tropical Wood ◽  
Wood Polymer ◽  
The Fourier Transform

The effects of nanoclay on the thermal stability and decay resistance properties of tropical wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) were investigated in this work. WPNC were prepared from several selected tropical wood species by impregnating the selected woods with a combination of nanoclay and phenol formaldehyde (PF) prepolymer mixture. The formation of WPNC was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Thermal property of manufactured WPNC in terms of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was evaluated, and an improvement in thermal stability was found for fabricated WPNC. The wood was then exposed to two types of fungi; white-rot (polyporous versicolor) and brown-rot (postia placenta), for 12 weeks. Decay was assessed through percentage (%) of weight loss. A significant improvement was found in the treated woods compared to the untreated ones. In addition, the fabricated WPNC showed lower moisture content compared with raw one.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Decay Resistance of Chinese Fir and Pine

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1118-1122
Author(s):  
Yan Jun Li ◽  
Lan Xing Du ◽  
Gou Ying Hu ◽  
Xing Xia Ma
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Heat Treatment Time ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

To enhance decay resistance, the effect of heat treatment and the variation of chemical composition on Chinese Fir and Pine were investigated in this study — heat treatment temperature was 170°C, 190°C and 210°C, respectively, heat treatment time was 2, 3 and 4hours, respectively. Both of them were subsequently exposed to white-rot fungus and brown-rot fungus. The results showed that:(1) With the increasing of the heat treatment, decay resistance of Chinese Fir and Pine were improved, anti-corrosion of Pine after being heat treated at 190°C which were exposed to write-rot fungus can reach I, anti-corrosion of Chinese Fir after being heat treated at 170°C treated which were exposed to brown-rot fungus could reach I yet, After being heat treated at 210°C for 3 hours , the Chinese fir samples had no measurable weight loss when exposed to the write-rot fungus.(2) There was no remarkable influence on both Chinese Fir and Pine by heat treatment time.(3) The moisture content of Chinese Fir and Pine were lower than the moisture content that the rot fungus need, macromolecule chains such as cellulose and hemicellulose broke down, their contents decreased, and the hemicellulose decomposed into acetic acid, they prevented the growth of rot fungus.

Efficacy of Pinosylvins against White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine C. Celimene ◽  
Jessie A. Micales ◽  
Leslie Ferge ◽  
Raymond A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Agar Media

Summary Three stilbenes, pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) and pinosylvin dimethyl ether (PSD), were extracted from white spruce (Picea glauca), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) pine cones, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic (HPLC, GC/MS, NMR and FTIR) analysis. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of these stilbenes at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % were examined for their fungal inhibitory activity by two bioassay methods. Growth of white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium), and brown-rot fungi (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) on agar media in the presence of each of the stilbenes or a 1:1:1 mixture inhibited growth of white-rot fungi, but slightly stimulated growth of brown-rot fungi. Soil-block assays, conditions more representative of those found in nature, did not correlate with those from the screening on agar media. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of the three compounds at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % did not impart any significant decay resistance to white-rot fungi inoculated on a hardwood (Red maple). However under the same conditions, decay resistance was observed against brown-rot fungi on a softwood (Southern yellow pine). It appears that stilbenes at least partially contribute to wood decay resistance against brown-rot fungi.

Decay resistance of softwoods and hardwoods thermally modified by the Thermovouto type thermo-vacuum process to brown rot and white rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Agar Block ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Class 1

Abstract Softwoods (SW, spruce and fir) and hardwoods (HW, ash and beech) were thermally modified by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process for 3–4 h in the temperature range 160–220°C (TMW160–220°C) and their fungal durability were examined in soil-block tests with two brown rot (BR, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum) and two white rot (WR, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata) fungi. SW-TMW160–220°C were exposed to P. placenta and P. sanguineus and HW-TMW190–220°C to all fungal species. Considerable improvement (durability class 1–3) in decay resistance was only achieved for SW- and HW-TMW220°C. Thermal modification (TM) below 200°C influenced decay resistance negatively in case of some fungal species applied for both SW and HW. Judged by the durability class, decay resistance was higher in HW- than in SW-TMW at high TM temperature. Behavior of TM differed significantly between ash (ring-porous HW) and beech (diffuse-porous HW). A comparison between results of soil- and agar-block tests on Termovouoto wood demonstrated that the influence of testing method in terms of assignment to durability classes is not significant.

scholarly journals Antifungal activities of Cunninghamia lanceolata heartwood extractives

BioResources ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 606-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Shujun Li ◽  
Camille Freitag ◽  
J. J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antifungal Activities

Three extractives from China-fir were obtained by a sequential extraction processes with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The components of the three extractives were analyzed: (1) The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that in addition to the presence of cedrol, naphthalenes comprised a relatively large percentage of both the hexane extract (10.39%) and the ethyl acetate extract (9.43%). (2) Total phenolic contents analysis showed that phenols took up 6.66 % of the ethyl acetate extract and 22.8% of the methanol extract. All extracts, even with low concentrations, presented fair antifungal activities against two white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor and Irpex lacteusand two brown-rot fungi, Postia placenta and Gloeophyllum trabeum. Cedrol and naphthalenes were partly responsible for the bioactivities. The synergistic effect of phenols and antifungal compounds also contributed to the wood decay resistance.

Dimensional stability and decay resistance of clay treated, furfurylated, and clay-reinforced furfurylated poplar wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangliang Zhang ◽  
Wang Wang ◽  
Jinyu Chen ◽  
Jinzhen Cao
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Decay Fungus ◽  
Populus Cathayana ◽  
Overall Evaluation

Abstract Plantation-grown poplar (Populus cathayana) is regarded as a source of low-quality wood, with poor dimensional stability and low decay resistance. In this study, poplar wood was impregnated with sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) or organo-montmorillonite (O-MMT), furfuryl alcohol (FA, at concentrations of 15%, 30% and 50%), separately or in their combinations to prepare clay treated, furfurylated, and clay-reinforced furfurylated wood, respectively. The two-step method by introducing Na-MMT first and then FA and organic modifier was feasible to achieve a reasonable penetration. These components could entirely enter the wood cell lumen or partly enter the wood cell wall, and thus initiate a series of reactions. Compared with Na-MMT reinforced furfurylated wood (M-F), the O-MMT reinforced furfurylated wood (O-F) exhibited better dimensional stability (ASE up to 71%) and decay resistance (3.2% mass loss). Moreover, O-MMT played a predominant role in decay resistance of O-MMT reinforced furfurylated wood. Even at low O-MMT loadings, the modified wood had a significant inhibitory effect on the white-rot decay fungus Trametes versicolor. Based on an overall evaluation, O-MMT reinforced furfurylated wood seemed to provide an optimal choice for both moist or wet conditions.

scholarly journals Fungal decay resistance of wood reacted with phosphorus pentoxide-amine system

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-L. Lee ◽  
G.C. Chen ◽  
R.M. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Phosphorus Pentoxide ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Nitro Derivatives ◽  
Amine System

Abstract Resistance of wood reacted in situ with phosphorus pentoxide-amine to the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor was examined. Wood reacted with either octyl, tribromo, or nitro derivatives were more resistant to both fungi. Threshold retention values of phosphoramide-reacted wood to white-rot fungus T. versicolor ranged from 2.9 to 13.3 mmol, while these for brown-rot fungus G. trabeum ranged from 8.1 to 19.2 mmol. Wood reacted with phosphoramide tested to be more resistant to white-rot than brown-rot attack.

scholarly journals Leachability and Decay Resistance of Wood Polyesterified with Sorbitol and Citric Acid

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greeley Beck
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Modification System ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Water Saturated

Research Highlights: Polyesterification of wood with sorbitol and citric acid (SCA) increases decay resistance against brown-rot and white-rot fungi without reducing cell wall moisture content but the SCA polymer is susceptible to hydrolysis. Background and Objectives: SCA polyesterification is a low-cost, bio-based chemical wood modification system with potential for commercialisation. Materials and Methods: This study investigates moisture-related properties and decay resistance in SCA-modified wood. Scots pine sapwood was polyesterified at 140 °C with various SCA solution concentrations ranging from 14–56% w/w. Dimensional stability was assessed and leachates were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical changes were characterized with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and spectra were quantitatively compared with peak ratios. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR) relaxometry was used to assess water saturated samples and decay resistance was determined with a modified EN113 test. Results: Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) ranged from 23–43% and decreased at higher weight percentage gains (WPG). Reduced ASE at higher WPG resulted from increased water saturated volumes for higher treatment levels. HPLC analysis of leachates showed detectable citric acid levels even after an EN84 leaching procedure. ATR-FTIR analysis indicated increased ester content in the SCA-modified samples and decreased hydroxyl content compared to controls. Cell wall water assessed by non-freezing moisture content determined with LFNMR was found to increase because of the modification. SCA-modified samples resisted brown-rot and white-rot decay, with a potential decay threshold of 50% WPG. Sterile reference samples incubated without fungi revealed substantial mass loss due to leaching of the samples in a high humidity environment. The susceptibility of the SCA polymer to hydrolysis was confirmed by analysing the sorption behaviour of the pure polymer in a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. Conclusions: SCA wood modification is an effective means for imparting decay resistance but, using the curing parameters in the current study, prolonged low-level leaching due to hydrolysis of the SCA polymer remains a problem.

Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Boron release and decay and termite resistance

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nami Kartal
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Termite Resistance ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Decay Tests

Abstract The decay and termite resistance of boric acid (BA)- and di-sodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT)-treated sugi sapwood was tested in the context of additional heat treatments at two temperature levels. Heat treatments had no effect on boron release and almost all boron was leached from specimens during a 10-day weathering period. Decay tests with the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and a 3-week termite resistance test with the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus were performed. Heat treatments did not increase the decay resistance of either BA- or DOT-treated specimens against the brown-rot fungus. However, the decay resistance of BA-treated specimens against the same fungus increased after heat treatment at 220°C for 2 h. Heat treatments at 180°C for 4 h and 220°C for 2 h also resulted in increased decay resistance of DOT-treated specimens against T. versi-color. Increased resistance against termite attack was observed only in DOT-treated specimens heated at 180°C for 4 h or at 220°C for 2 h. Accordingly, a synergistic effect between heat and DOT treatments was observed for resistance against white-rot decay and termites.

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