Field assessment of Douglas-fir somatic and zygotic seedlings with respect to gas exchange, water relations, and frost hardiness

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1822-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Benowicz ◽  
S C Grossnickle ◽  
Y A El-Kassaby
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Stock Types

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) zygotic seedlings and seedlings produced through somatic embryogenesis were grown in a field test on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The two stock types were compared in a number of adaptive attributes evaluated during two growing seasons (1999 and 2000). The attributes were related to gas exchange, water relations, phenology, and fall frost hardiness. In both years, somatic and zygotic seedlings had similar rates of net photosynthesis in optimum and reduced light conditions, similar mesophyll conductance, and dark respiration rates. Small differences (P [Formula: see text] 0.05) were found for water relation attributes measured on irrigated plants: intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gwv) and midday xylem water potential (Ψ). Somatic seedlings had marginally higher E and gwv and lower Ψ in 2000 and lower WUEi in 1999 and 2000. Zygotic seedlings had higher WUEi because of their lower gwv while maintaining the same rates of net photosynthesis as somatic seedlings. There were no differences between somatic and zygotic seedlings in frost hardiness throughout the fall. Zygotic and somatic seedlings had similar timing of spring bud break pointing to a comparable level of spring frost hardiness in both stock types. Findings from this study indicate that somatic and zygotic seedlings had a similar pattern of physiological performance throughout 2 years of assessment.

Frost hardiness and winter photosynthesis of Thujapiicata and Pseudotsugamenzlesll seedlings grown at three rates of nitrogen and phosphorus supply

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Hawkins ◽  
M. Davradou ◽  
D. Pier ◽  
R. Shortt
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
One Year ◽  
P Supply

One-year-old seedlings of western red cedar (Thujapiicata Donn ex D.Don) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were grown for one season in five nutrient treatments with nitrogen (N) supplied in solution at rates of 20, 100, or 250 mg•L−1 and phosphorus (P) supplied at rates of 4, 20, or 60 mg•L−1. Growth, onset of dormancy, frost hardiness on six dates, and foliar nutrient concentrations in autumn and spring were measured. Midwinter rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration were measured at air temperatures of 4, 7, and 11 °C in seedlings from all nutrient treatments. Recovery of net photosynthesis and transpiration in whole seedlings from the three N treatments was assessed at intervals for 28 days after the seedlings were frozen to −5, −15, and −25°C. Foliar N content differed significantly among nutrient treatments and was positively correlated with supply. Mitotic activity ceased earliest in plants with low N supply. Douglas-fir seedlings in the low-N treatment also ceased height growth earliest. These differences in growth had no significant correlation with frost hardiness. No consistent differences in frost hardiness among nutrient treatments were observed. Higher rates of N and P supply resulted in higher rates of winter net photosynthesis. Net photosynthesis was reduced dramatically by night frost, with greater damage occurring at lower temperatures. Net photosynthesis recovery occurred most quickly in seedlings with the midrate of N and P supply.

Change in photosynthesis and water relations with age and season in Abiesamabilis

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. Teskey ◽  
C. C. Grier ◽  
T. M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Competitive Success ◽  
One Year

Seasonal changes in water relations and net photosynthesis were measured over a year in current and 1-year-old foliage of Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, a subalpine conifer. Responses were compared with maximum rates achieved in older foliage. Current-year foliage developed slowly during the growing season. Although growth began on 22 June, highest rates of stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis did not occur until September and October. One-year-old foliage had the highest rates of net photosynthesis (12.9 mg CO2•dm−2•h−1) and stomatal conductance (3.1 mm•s−1) during the summer. Net photosynthesis decreased with needle age, but foliage as old as 7 years had rates of net photosynthesis as high as 5.0 mg CO2•dm−2•h−1. There was no evidence of photosynthetic adjustment to seasonal change in temperature. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis remained at 15 ± 1.5 °C throughout the year. No water stress was observed during the summer. Xylem water potential never decreased below −1.65 MPa and was always well above the turgor loss point. The lack of any apparent water stress, combined with photosynthetic characteristics, indicated that summer was the most important season for carbon gain. These results also suggested that a strategy for competitive success by Abiesamabilis in this cold, stressful environment is minimum dependence on the carbon gain of any individual age-class of foliage. Instead trees rely on the combined photosynthetic capacity of many years of foliage.

Response of Gas Exchange in Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) to Environmental Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Gealy
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Soil Matric Potential ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Gas exchange of jointed goatgrass leaves was affected by temperature, irradiance level, and soil matric potential. Net photosynthesis of leaves under saturating irradiance (PPFD3= 1850 (μE·m–2·s−1) was optimum at about 20 C. At 25 C, net photosynthesis was nearly 90% of maximum at a PPFD of 800 μE·m–2·−1. Transpiration, and presumably water use, increased steadily with temperature from 10 to 40 C. Dark respiration rate and compensation points for light and for CO2increased exponentially, or nearly so, from 10 to 40 C. Soil moisture deficits of −130 kPa reduced net photosynthesis and transpiration by about 30 and 55%, respectively, compared to well-watered plants.

Photosynthesis and transpiration in large forest-grown Douglas-fir: interactions with apical control

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2568-2576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry W. Leverenz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Apical Control ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Gas Exchange System

Net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal and residual conductances for current-year shoots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were measured in an open gas exchange system. Terminal shoots of branches and branchlets had larger stomatal and residual conductances, and net photosynthetic and transpiration rates than neighboring lateral shoots under conditions which did not limit gas exchange. The differences between terminal and lateral shoots occurred in both exposed and shaded branches and in trees of different dominance classes. For most of the study, current-year lateral shoots were lighter green than terminal shoots. There were no significant differences in shoot water potential or in the microenvironment between terminal and lateral shoots.Effects of apical control on gas exchange rates were strong in shoots subtending the dominant terminal shoot. These effects were not apparent four whorls from the terminal shoot, in agreement with the hypothesis that apical control can not be exerted at long distances from terminal shoots.

scholarly journals Salinity Influences Photosynthetic Characteristics, Water Relations, and Foliar Mineral Composition of Annona squamosa L.

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Annona Squamosa

Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and mineral nutrient relations responses of Annona squamosa seedlings to mild salinity were studied in sand culture in five experiments during 1990, 1991, and 1993. Trees were irrigated with a complete nutrient solution (control) or with this solution amended to 3 or 6 dS·m-1 with sea salt. Inhibition of net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance of CO2, and transpiration was apparent within 2 weeks of initiating salinity treatments, and gas exchange continued to decline until day 30 to 35. The diurnal pattern of leaf gas exchange was not altered by increased salinity. Salinity reduced CO2, light energy, and water-use efficiencies. Salinity sometimes reduced the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence below that of the control, and this response was highly dependent on the ambient light conditions that preceded the measurements. Dark respiration was unaffected by salinity stress. Root zone salinity of 3 dS·m-1 administered for 52 days did not influence foliar sodium concentration or the ratio of sodium to potassium, but increased chloride concentration and decreased nitrogen concentration. The sodium response indicated that some form of exclusion or compartmentation occurred. Salinity reduced osmotic potential of root tissue but did not influence foliar osmotic or predawn xylem potential. These results indicate that A. squamosa is sensitive to salinity stress, and that the responses to salinity are consistent with other salt-sensitive woody perennial species.

Differences in growth and gas exchange between southern and northern provenances of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in northern Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Tenkanen ◽  
Sarita Keski-Saari ◽  
Jarkko Salojärvi ◽  
Elina Oksanen ◽  
Markku Keinänen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

Abstract Due to its ubiquity across northern latitudes, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an attractive model species for studying geographical trait variation and acclimation capacity. Six birch provenances from 60 to 67°N across Finland were grown in a common garden and studied for provenance and genotype variation. We looked for differences in height growth, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll content index (CCI) and compared the gas exchange of early and late leaves on short and long shoots, respectively. The provenances stratified into southern and northern groups. Northern provenances attained less height growth increment and had higher stomatal conductance (gs) and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE, Anet/gs) than southern provenances, whereas net photosynthesis (Anet) or CCI did not show clear grouping. Short shoot leaves had lower gs and higher WUE than long shoot leaves in all provenances, but there was no difference in Anet between shoot types. The separation of the provenances into two groups according to their physiological responses might reflect the evolutionary history of B. pendula. Latitudinal differences in gas exchange and water use traits can have plausible consequences for global carbon and water fluxes in a warming climate.

Temperature relations of gas exchange in altitudinal populations of Taraxacum officinale

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (19) ◽  
pp. 2496-2502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Kemp ◽  
George J. Williams III ◽  
David S. May
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
Verbascum Thapsus ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Hill Activity ◽  
Population Origin ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Temperature Responses

Taraxacum officinale plants representative of three altitudinally diverse populations were grown under uniform conditions. Temperature responses of net photosynthesis, photorespiration, and transpiration were obtained from four plants of each population over the range of 10 to 40 °C at saturating irradiances(1000 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1). Dark respiration rates were obtained from the same plants over the range of 10 to 30 °C. All plants exhibited similar gas exchange responses to temperature regardless of population origin. Maximum rates of net photosynthesis occurred near 20 °C in all plants and averaged 20.8 mg CO2 ∙ dm−2 ∙ h−1 (mean of 12 plants). Dark respiration and photorespiration rates increased nearly linearly with temperature in all plants. These results are in contrast with previous studies of the same populations in which differences in Hill activity and succinate dehydrogenase activity were reported. However, the photosynthetic patterns and lack of genetic differentiation of photosynthesis are similar to the results obtained for another weedy species, Verbascum thapsus, along the same altitudinal transect.

scholarly journals Red and Blue Netting Alters Leaf Morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Apple Trees

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Richard M. Bastías ◽  
Pasquale Losciale ◽  
Camilla Chieco ◽  
Luca Corelli-Grappadelli
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

There is little information about the role of red and blue light on leaf morphology and physiology in fruit trees, and more studies have been developed in herbaceous plants grown under controlled light conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of red and blue screens on morpho-anatomy and gas exchange in apple leaves grown under ambient sunlight conditions. Apple trees cv. Fuji were covered by 40% red and blue nets, leaving trees with 20% white net as control. Light relations (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD; red to far-red light ratio, R/FR and blue to red light ratio, B/R), morpho-anatomical features of the leaf (palisade to spongy mesophyll ratio, P/S, and stomata density, SD) and leaf gas exchange (net photosynthesis rate, An; stomatal conductance, gs; transpiration rate, E; and intrinsic water use efficiency, IWUE) were evaluated. Red and blue nets reduced 27% PPFD, reducing by 20% SD and 25% P/S compared to control, but without negative effects on An and gs. Blue net increased gs 21%, leading to the highest E and lowest IWUE by increment of B/R light proportion. These findings demonstrate the potential use of red and blue nets for differential modulation of apple leaf gas exchange through sunlight management under field conditions.

scholarly journals RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS EM VARIEDADES DE CANA SOCA SUBMETIDAS AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO

Irriga ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-816
Author(s):  
Francisco Rodolfo Junior ◽  
Walter Quadros Ribeiro Junior ◽  
Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos ◽  
Omar Cruz Rocha ◽  
Fábio Pedro Silva Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Ratoon Sugarcane ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Over Time

RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS EM VARIEDADES DE CANA SOCA SUBMETIDAS AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO              FRANCISCO RODOLFO JUNIOR1; WALTER QUADROS RIBEIRO JUNIOR2; MARIA LUCRÉCIA GEROSA RAMOS3; OMAR CRUZ ROCHA2; FÁBIO PEDRO SILVA BATISTA4 E CRISTIANE ANDRÉA DE LIMA2 1 Universidade Federal do Piauí-CPCE, BR 135, km 03, Planalto Horizonte, CEP 64900-000, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil, [email protected];2Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020 Km 18, Planaltina - DF, CEP 73310-970, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected];3Universidade de Brasília/FAV, Instituto Central de Ciências, Sul (ICC-Sul), CEP 70.910-970, [email protected];4Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade de Brasília/FAV, ICC-Sul, CEP 70.910-970, [email protected];  1 RESUMO A baixa disponibilidade hídrica afeta negativamente os cultivos agrícolas e é a principal causa da redução da produtividade no setor sucroalcooleiro no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar fisiologicamente as variedades da cana-de-açúcar, submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de 0,36 hectares, localizada na Embrapa Cerrados, próxima a Planaltina-DF. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três variedades (RB855156, RB835486 e RB867515-parcela), ausência e presença da irrigação (irrigado e sequeiro - subparcela) e quatro coletas de dados no tempo (100; 150; 200 e 250 dias após o corte) que foram as subsubparcelas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características fisiológicas: prolina livre a folha, trocas gasosas: transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), fotossíntese líquida (A), eficiência intrínseca do uso da água (EIUA), eficiência da carboxilação (EC), clorofila tipo a (Clo-a) e clorofila total (Clo-a+b). As variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em sistema de sequeiro apresentaram aumento na concentração foliar de prolina e EIUA, e redução de E, gs, A, EC, Clo-a e Clo-a+b. Palavras-Chave: Saccharum spp. L.; estresse abiótico; prolina; trocas gasosas.  RODOLFO JUNIOR, F.; RIBEIRO JUNIOR, W. Q.; RAMOS, M. L. G.; ROCHA, O. C.; BATISTA, F. P. S.; LIMA, C. A.PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN VARIETIES OF RATOON SUGARCANE SUBMITTED TO WATER DEFICIT  2 ABSTRACT Low water supply affects negatively agricultural crops and is the main cause of reduced productivity in the sugar and ethanol industry in Brazil. The objective of this paper was to physiologically characterize the varieties of sugar cane under different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in an area of 0.36 hectares, located in Embrapa Cerrado, near Planaltina-DF. The design was randomized with three replicates in parcels subdivided in time, with three varieties (RB855156, RB835486 and RB867515-plots), with absence and presence of irrigation (irrigated and rainfed- subplots) and four data collections over time  (100; 150; 200 and 250 days after harvest), that formed the subsubplots. The following physiological characteristics were assessed: free proline in leaves, leaf gas exchange: transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthesis (A), intrinsic water use efficiency (EIUA), efficiency of carboxylation (EC), chlorophyll type a (Clo-a) e total chlorophyll (Clo-a+b). The varieties of sugarcane cultivated in rainfed system presented increase in leaf concentration of proline and EIUA, and reduced E, gs, A, EC, Cloa, Clo-a+b. Keywords: Saccharum spp. L.; abiotic stress; proline; gas exchange.

scholarly journals Canopy Position Affects Light Response Curves for Gas Exchange Characteristics of Apple Spur Leaves

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Jeffrey B. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Light Response Curves ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Gas Exchange Characteristics

Light response curves for gas exchange characteristics were developed for spur leaves of `Stayman' and `Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) from interior, intermediate, and exterior canopy positions throughout the season. At full bloom (FB), before full leaf expansion, exterior leaves had higher maximum rates of net photosynthesis (Pn), and a statistically different Pn light response curve than the interior leaves. Intermediate leaves had intermediate Pn rates and light response curves. Pn light response curves for all three `Delicious' canopy positions differed from each other from FB + 6 weeks until the end of the season. Interior leaves had maximum Pn rates of only 50% to 60% of those for the exterior leaves from FB + 10 weeks until the end of the season. Light saturation levels were higher for the exterior leaves than for interior or intermediate leaves. Exterior leaves had a tendency throughout the season for higher quantum efficiency of Pn at subsaturating light levels than interior or intermediate leaves. Stomatal conductance was higher for the exterior than the interior or intermediate leaves of `Delicious' on all dates. Water-use efficiency was equivalent among all leaves. Exterior leaves had higher specific leaf weight, dark respiration rates, and incident light levels on all dates than interior or intermediate leaves.

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