Frost hardiness and winter photosynthesis of Thujapiicata and Pseudotsugamenzlesll seedlings grown at three rates of nitrogen and phosphorus supply

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Hawkins ◽  
M. Davradou ◽  
D. Pier ◽  
R. Shortt
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
One Year ◽  
P Supply

One-year-old seedlings of western red cedar (Thujapiicata Donn ex D.Don) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) were grown for one season in five nutrient treatments with nitrogen (N) supplied in solution at rates of 20, 100, or 250 mg•L−1 and phosphorus (P) supplied at rates of 4, 20, or 60 mg•L−1. Growth, onset of dormancy, frost hardiness on six dates, and foliar nutrient concentrations in autumn and spring were measured. Midwinter rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration were measured at air temperatures of 4, 7, and 11 °C in seedlings from all nutrient treatments. Recovery of net photosynthesis and transpiration in whole seedlings from the three N treatments was assessed at intervals for 28 days after the seedlings were frozen to −5, −15, and −25°C. Foliar N content differed significantly among nutrient treatments and was positively correlated with supply. Mitotic activity ceased earliest in plants with low N supply. Douglas-fir seedlings in the low-N treatment also ceased height growth earliest. These differences in growth had no significant correlation with frost hardiness. No consistent differences in frost hardiness among nutrient treatments were observed. Higher rates of N and P supply resulted in higher rates of winter net photosynthesis. Net photosynthesis was reduced dramatically by night frost, with greater damage occurring at lower temperatures. Net photosynthesis recovery occurred most quickly in seedlings with the midrate of N and P supply.

Availability of nitrogen and phosphorus in the forest floors of Rocky Mountain coniferous forests

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy E. Prescott ◽  
John P. Corbin ◽  
Dennis Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
P Supply ◽  
Floor Material

Nutrient supply rate and limitation were measured in forest floors of lodgepole pine, white spruce–lodgepole pine, and Engelmann spruce–subalpine fir (pine, spruce, and fir forests, respectively) forests in the Kananaskis Valley of southwestern Alberta. Earlier analyses of the nutrient content of foliage and litter indicated low N and P supply in the pine forest, high P supply in the spruce forest, and high N–low P supply in the fir forest. Measurements of nutrient supply (insitu rates of net mineralization, extractable P, and uptake of N and P from the forest floor in pot trials) confirmed the differences in N and P supply among the forests and indicated that nutrient concentrations in needle litter were useful as an index of nutrient supply rate. Subtractive tests were useful in identifying the most limiting nutrients in each forest: lodgepole pine seedlings grown in forest floor material from the pine and spruce stands responded with increased growth to the addition of N; those in fir forest floor material responded to P addition. Vector analysis of N and P concentrations and contents in needles from trees fertilized with ammonium phosphate sulphate showed responses to both N and P in the pine site, no response at the spruce site, and response to P at the fir site.

scholarly journals Foliar Nutrient Characteristics of Four Conifer Species in the Interior Northwest United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Moore ◽  
Peter G. Mika ◽  
Terry M. Shaw ◽  
Mariann I. Garrison-Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Forest Tree Nutrition

Abstract This article provides foliar nutrient concentration distributions and sample size calculations for Douglas-fir, grand fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Managers can obtain foliar nutrient values from their own lands and use this information to make judgments on the relative nutrient status of forest stands. Foliage was collected from unfertilized trees at 160 different research sites of the Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Cooperative spanning a 16 yr period from 1982 to 1997. Douglas-fir showed the lowest variation in foliar nutrient concentrations, while grand fir was the most variable of the species sampled. Nitrogen was the least variable and Mn and Mo generally the most variable elements for all species. Grand fir had much higher foliar concentrations of K and Ca than the other species. Ponderosa pine had the highest foliar N concentrations. The pines generally have lower nutrient concentrations than the firs, with the exception of Zn. Western hemlock habitat types showed lower Douglas-fir foliar Ca, Mg, and B concentrations, but higher K concentrations than other habitat type series. Douglas-fir growing on soils derived from meta-sedimentary rocks generally had lower foliar nutrient concentrations than those growing on other rock types. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):13–24.

Foliar Nutrient Concentration Differences Between Provenances of Douglas Fir and Their Significance to Foliar Analysis Interpretation

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship

Foliar nutrient concentration differences between provenances, and the relationship between foliar nutrient levels and provenance growth was examined in Douglas fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from the coastal region of British Columbia.In the first experiment differences in foliar nutrient concentrations among four provenances of 3-year old plants, ranged from 8 to 18%. The relationships between these provenances differed according to whether needle, or whole plant nutrient concentrations were considered.In the second experiment 2-year old plants of three provenances, grown under four fertilizer regimes, at each of three nurseries, showed that differences in growth and foliar nutrient concentrations between provenances were affected by nursery. The degree of correlation between shoot length and foliage nutrient concentration varied according to provenance. Coefficients for the regression of shoot length on foliar N and K differed between provenances even when provenance foliar N and K levels were similar. It was suggested that the relationship between foliar nutrient concentrations and shoot length may differ between provenances.

Growth and foliar nutrient response to fertilization and precommercial thinning in a coastal western red cedar stand

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 764-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Harrington ◽  
Charles A. Wierman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Seven silvicultural treatments were applied to a young (15- to 20-year-old), naturally regenerated western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) stand growing on a poor-quality site in western Washington. The treatments were as follows: unthinned, unfertilized (untreated); unthinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate, dicalcium phosphate, and potassium sulfate; thinned, unfertilized; thinned, fertilized with urea; thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate; thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate and dicalcium phosphate; and thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate, dicalcium phosphate, and potassium sulfate. Elemental application rates were 300 kg nitrogen, 100 kg phosphorus, 129 kg calcium, 100 kg potassium, and 41 kg sulfur per hectare. Growth and foliar nutrient concentrations were monitored for 5 years. Five-year height growth and diameter growth of the 20 tallest trees per 0.08-ha measurement plot were both substantially greater in all thinned or fertilized treatments than in the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. The three best treatments for height growth (the treatments containing ammonium nitrate and dicalcium phosphate) had 65% more growth than the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. The two best treatments for diameter growth (thinned, fertilized with ammonium nitrate and dicalcium phosphate) had 106% more growth than the unthinned, unfertilized treatment. The effects of thinning alone were small compared with the effects of fertilization alone or fertilization combined with thinning. Initial foliar nitrogen concentrations showed that the site was nitrogen deficient, and both nitrogen sources, urea and ammonium nitrate, increased growth. The addition of dicalcium phosphate resulted in significantly greater incremental growth above that attributed to nitrogen alone, but the further addition of potassium sulfate did not increase growth significantly. Increases in foliar nitrogen and phosphorus associated with fertilization were still evident 5 years after treatment. All sizes of trees responded to treatment, and growth of the total stand followed the same trends as for the 20 tallest trees per plot. Basal area growth on an absolute basis was best in the unthinned, fertilized treatment (more than twice that of the unthinned, unfertilized treatment) and on a percent basis was best in the thinned treatment fertilized with ammonium nitrate, dicalcium phosphate, and potassium sulfate.

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Douglas-fir nursery growth and survival after outplanting

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van den Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Soil P ◽  
N Concentration

A 5N × 5P factorial fertilizer experiment was conducted on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed beds at Campbell River nursery on northern Vancouver Island. Nutrient concentrations were measured in soil and seedlings. After 2 years of growth, trees were lifted from each treatment in mid-November and again in mid-February for storage. All were planted out in April and grown for 2 years. Seedling dry weight and height in the nursery were significantly affected by N fertilizer treatment, but not by P fertilizer, although seedling tissue P concentrations were low (0.09-0.17%) and available soil P was significantly increased by treatment. Largest seedlings resulted from application of 50-75 kg N/ha during the 1st year of growth and 100-150 kg N/ha during the 2nd year. Seedling dry weight was correlated with tissue N concentration (r = 0.73-0.75) and greatest dry weight was associated with a 1-0 shoot N or a 2-0 foliar N concentration of 2%. Survival and height 2 years after planting out were significantly affected by N fertilizer treatment in the nursery, and the nursery treatments resulting in largest seedlings yielded the highest survival and height. However the N concentration of 2-0 seedlings was not closely correlated with survival or height, and shoot dry weight was the most useful nursery measurement for predicting these values (r = 0.49). Fertilization did not affect cold hardiness and hardiness of trees was essentially the same at both lifting dates. Survival at 2 years after planting was unaffected by lifting date.

Biological nutrient removal in a full-scale SBR treating piggery wastewater: results and modelling

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tilche ◽  
G. Bortone ◽  
F. Malaspina ◽  
S. Piccinni ◽  
L. Stante
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Aeration Time ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
One Year ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Research activities carried out at ENEA during the last few years allowed development of a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) that is able to remove biologically organic waste, nitrogen and phosphorus and that showed to be particularly suited to obtain low effluent nutrient concentrations even starting from concentrated wastes. This plant, in more than one year of operation, is quite steadily obtaining more than 98% removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD. On the basis of the experimental results, a simulation model has been built and calibrated. The model showed the potential to be used for forecasting the behaviour of the process, being able to reproduce a process imbalance that followed the tentative reduction of aeration time.

Influence of moisture, nutrients, and distance from stream on early-stage mass loss of western red cedar leaf litter in headwater riparian forests

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1391-1398
Author(s):  
Tonya L. Ramey ◽  
Cindy E. Prescott ◽  
John S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Nutrient Additions ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
One Year

Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don) is a dominant species in forests of the Pacific Northwest in North America, but little is known about its decomposition in riparian habitat. We experimentally tested how early-stage mass loss of cedar leaf litter varied with distance from the stream (five distances from 1 to 40 m away) and responded to nutrient and water additions near four headwater streams in southwestern British Columbia. We ran three coarse-mesh litterbag trials in durations between five months to one year from January 2013 and January 2014. Litterbags were either untreated or given the following treatments: water additions during dry summer months, nitrogen and phosphorus additions, or additions of both. Control litterbags lost 21% initial mass over 12 months (January 2013 – January 2014), 20% over five months (January 2013 – June 2013), and 15% over eight months (June 2013 – January 2014). Rates of mass loss did not increase with water in any trial but did increase with nutrients in the 12-month trial. Litter located 40 m from the stream lost 7% more mass than that located 1 m away in this same trial. Our study indicates that cedar leaf litter mass loss responded primarily to nutrient additions.

Foliar analysis and response of fertilized chlorotic Sitka spruce plantations on salal-dominated cedar–hemlock cutovers on Vancouver Island

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1501-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Weetman ◽  
R. Fournier ◽  
J. Barker ◽  
E. Schnorbus-Panozzo ◽  
A. Germain
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Nutrient Additions ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Crown Closure

A series of microplot and conventional plot trials were used to determine the nutritional status and required nutrient additions to bring young chlorotic Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr) plantations out of "check." Check occurs on clear-cut and burned old-growth western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stands in the Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone growing on deep morhumus Podzols invaded by dense salal (Gaultheriashallon). Microplot trials identified the requirement for N and P. Checked trees responded to fertilization immediately with a 4- to 8-year temporary increase in leader length. Grubbing out of aboveground salal did not improve tree nutrition. There is a close parallel to "heather check" noted with Sitka spruce in British and Irish moorlands; a possible allelopathic effect of salal is suspected. It is concluded that one or more N and P additions are required to establish crown closure. Fertilized Sitka spruce show a high incidence of spruce weevil attack. The deficient and optimum foliar nutrient concentrations developed in Britain for the diagnosis of Sitka spruce appear to be applicable.

Field assessment of Douglas-fir somatic and zygotic seedlings with respect to gas exchange, water relations, and frost hardiness

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1822-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Benowicz ◽  
S C Grossnickle ◽  
Y A El-Kassaby
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Stock Types

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) zygotic seedlings and seedlings produced through somatic embryogenesis were grown in a field test on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The two stock types were compared in a number of adaptive attributes evaluated during two growing seasons (1999 and 2000). The attributes were related to gas exchange, water relations, phenology, and fall frost hardiness. In both years, somatic and zygotic seedlings had similar rates of net photosynthesis in optimum and reduced light conditions, similar mesophyll conductance, and dark respiration rates. Small differences (P [Formula: see text] 0.05) were found for water relation attributes measured on irrigated plants: intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gwv) and midday xylem water potential (Ψ). Somatic seedlings had marginally higher E and gwv and lower Ψ in 2000 and lower WUEi in 1999 and 2000. Zygotic seedlings had higher WUEi because of their lower gwv while maintaining the same rates of net photosynthesis as somatic seedlings. There were no differences between somatic and zygotic seedlings in frost hardiness throughout the fall. Zygotic and somatic seedlings had similar timing of spring bud break pointing to a comparable level of spring frost hardiness in both stock types. Findings from this study indicate that somatic and zygotic seedlings had a similar pattern of physiological performance throughout 2 years of assessment.

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