Water relations, cuticular transpiration, and bud characteristics of air-slit containerized Picea glauca seedlings in response to controlled irrigation regimes

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2200-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra C Stowe ◽  
Mohammed S Lamhamedi ◽  
Hank A Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Maximum Modulus ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Needle Primordia

White spruce seedlings (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were grown in air-slit containers (IPL 25-350A) in a tunnel under four different irrigation regimes (IR-15%, IR-30%, IR-45%, and IR-60%, v/v; (cm H2O)3·(cm substrate)–3). At the end of the first growing season the water-relation variables of the shoots were determined. Seedling morphology, the rates of cuticular transpiration and terminal bud development, as well as the number of needle primordia were also measured. Irrigation regime had no significant effect on any of the water-relation variables. Seedlings grown under the IR-15% were smaller and completed bud development more quickly than seedlings grown under IR-30%, IR-45%, and IR-60%. The formation of needle primordia was enhanced under IR-30%. Both the irrigation regime and the amount of time the detached shoots were left to transpire had a significant effect on the rate of cuticular transpiration. A comparison of the water-relation variables at the end of the first (1998) and second (1999) growing seasons showed that the younger seedlings had more negative osmotic potential at tissue saturation and greater maximum modulus of elasticity values. None of the other water-relation variables were significantly affected by seedling age, but the absolute values of all the variables were greater in the younger (1+0) seedlings.

Seedling Shoot and Bud Development in Provenances of Sitka Spruce, Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas F. W. Pollard ◽  
Abraham H. Teich ◽  
Kenneth T. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Induction Period ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Needle Primordia

Growth and development of seedlings of ten provenances were compared in three investigations. The provenances ranged from Oregon to south-east Alaska and were collected for the I.U.F.R.O. International Sitka Spruce Provenance Experiment. The potential for seedling growth was studied by measuring (a) the rate of shoot growth and (b) the duration of shoot elongation. Growth rate was rather uniform, being only slightly faster among northern provenances. The duration of shoot growth, under artificial declining photoperiods was strongly influenced by latitude of origin. The critical photoperiods necessary for sustained growth in southern provenances were up to 4 hours shorter than those in northern provenances. In the third investigation development of the terminal bud was followed during the first 8 weeks. After a 4-week induction period buds attained macroscopic sizes with ca. 100 needle primordia. Northern provenances had up to 65% more primordia than southern ones. At 8 weeks, a strong but reversed relationship was evident, with southern provenances having up to 35% more than northern provenances. These observations indicate that latitude-correlated variations will be an important feature of the I.U.F.R.O. Experiment, with southern provenances performing especially well in southern trials. Potential advantages of southern provenances will be protracted periods of shoot growth in young seedlings and protracted periods of development of the primordial shoot in overwintering buds. However, where summer seasons are short, such advantages may not be realized.

Bud morphogenesis of white spruce Picea glauca seedlings in a uniform environment

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1569-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. W. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Needle Primordia

Differences in height growth occurring between provenances of white spruce are associated with variation in number of needle primordia formed in the dormant bud. The number is influenced by seasonal pattern of initiation. This investigation sought to establish whether normal morphogenesis could proceed in a constant environment, and whether provenance variation would be expressed in the absence of seasonal changes. Bud development was induced in five provenances of white spruce by subjecting 1st-year seedlings to short photoperiods. Developing buds were sampled at 3-week intervals over a period of 12 weeks. Throughout this time, photoperiod was kept at 8 h; temperature was constant at 22.5 °C (72.5 °F). Observations revealed a morphogenetic pattern comparable with that of buds in older, field-grown trees. Needle initiation on the primordial shoot ceased 6 to 12 weeks after the inception of bud development. The inferred endogenous control of bud development and its effect on shoot growth was influenced genetically, with significant differences in needle initiation occurring among the provenances. Differences in bud development may allow early selection for fast growth and hardiness in this species. The results of this investigation identify the period immediately after shoot growth as critical for subsequent growth of nursery stock.

Influence de phénomènes d'antagonisme entre organes et entre régulateurs sur le développement floral de bourgeons cotylédonaires chez le Scrofularia arguta

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Miginiac ◽  
Nicole Lacombe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Absorbing Roots

The influence of various correlations and a few growth regulators (auxin, abscissic acid, and kinetin) on vegetative or floral development of cotyledonary buds is studied on plants or plant fragments cultured in vitro. It is shown that the terminal bud inhibits growth and stimulates flowering, whereas "non-absorbing roots" inhibit floral development; if the terminal bud is present, the roots are inactive. This antagonism between organs can be simulated by replacing the terminal bud by an auxin or abscissic acid treatment and the roots by a kinetin treatment. The two groups of substances show antagonistic actions on the nature of cotyledonary bud development. Flowering or non-flowering, then, depends on the balance of concentration of these two groups of substances in the culture medium.

Interaction between gibberellin A4/7 and root-pruning on the reproductive and vegetative processes in Douglas-fir. III. Effects on anatomy of shoot elongation and terminal bud development

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Owens ◽  
J. E. Webber ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
R. P. Pharis
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Apical Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Leaf Initiation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Effective Cone ◽  
Vegetative Bud

The relative importance of cell division and cell elongation to shoot elongation and the anatomical changes in vegetative terminal apices were assessed for 9- and 10-year-old seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in response to two effective cone-induction treatments, gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) and root-pruning (RP). Root-pruning was done in mid-April at the start of vegetative bud swelling and GA treatments were begun at vegetative bud flushing in mid-May and continued until early July. Shoot elongation before flushing resulted primarily from cell divisions and was not affected by the RP treatment. Shoot elongation after flushing resulted primarily from cell expansion which was reduced by RP treatments. Root-pruning significantly slowed mitotic activity, apical growth, and development of vegetative terminal buds from mid-June through mid-July. Apical growth then resumed during leaf initiation and the final number of leaf primordia initiated was not affected. This resulted in a delay of 2 to 4 weeks in the transition from bud-scale to leaf initiation. Retarded terminal vegetative apices anatomically resembled latent axillary apices but were never completely inhibited. GA + RP had the same effect as RP. GA4/7 alone had no effect on shoot or apical development. These results show that RP and GA + RP significantly retard shoot elongation and terminal bud development but still allow normal development of vegetative terminal buds. Retardation of bud development by a few weeks shifts the critical morphogenetic phase of transition from bud scale to leaf initiation to a later time when endogenous and environmental conditions may differ from the normal.

How well can we select undamaged site trees for estimating site index?

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1989-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon D Nigh ◽  
Bobby A Love
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Unbiased Estimates

The best estimates of site index, an indicator of site productivity, are obtained from site trees. Undamaged site trees should be sampled to obtain unbiased estimates of site index. Two juvenile height growth modelling projects provided us with sufficient data to assess our ability to select undamaged lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Dougl.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) site trees. The sample trees were split open to measure height growth from the terminal bud scars. Splitting the stems also revealed damage that was not visible from the outside of the tree. Over 50% of the lodgepole pine trees and 75% of the white spruce trees had damage, which was much higher than expected. Possible causes of damage are frost and insects. The damage does not significantly reduce the height of the spruce trees, but there is evidence that the heights of the lodgepole pine trees are reduced.

scholarly journals Irrigation Control and Physiological Responses of Nursery-grown Black Spruce Seedlings (1+0) Cultivated in Air-slit Containers

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onil Bergeron ◽  
Mohammed S. Lamhamedi ◽  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Pierre Y. Bernier ◽  
Debra C. Stowe
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

Air-slit containerized (IPL 25-350A) black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill) BSP; 1+0] seedlings, were subjected to four irrigation regimes (IR-15%, IR-30%, IR-45%, and IR-60%, by volume, cm3 water/cm3 substrate) under tunnel conditions in a forest nursery. Irrigation regimes were controlled by time-domain reflectometry during the first growing season. With exception of midday water potential, water relation and gas exchange variables were unaffected by substrate water content. There were no significant differences in height, diameter or number of needle primordia of the seedlings grown under IR-15%, IR-30%, and IR-45%. Seedlings grown in a substrate with a high water content (IR-60%) had lower oven-dry biomass and higher cuticular transpiration rates than seedlings grown under the three other irrigation regimes. Root hydraulic conductivity was not affected by irrigation regime, but showed a general decrease towards the end of the growing season. Variation in root hydraulic conductivity was most likely related to root growth and degree of lignification. Seedlings that had been exposed to IR-60% during the first growing season remained smaller than the other seedlings throughout the second growing season. Results of this study indicate that nursery managers can reduce the quantity of irrigation water used without significantly affecting the growth or physiology of air-slit containerized black spruce seedlings (1+0) grown under tunnel conditions.

scholarly journals 617 Effects of Nitrogen, Potassium, and Irrigation on Postharvest Pitting of White Grapefruit

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 554A-554
Author(s):  
Huating Dou ◽  
Peter Petracek ◽  
Mohamed Ismail ◽  
Ashok Alva ◽  
David Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Water Relation ◽  
Factorial Combination ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Available Soil Moisture

Effects of N, K, and water relation on the incidence and severity of postharvest pitting in white grapefruit were evaluated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, a factorial combination of 3 N (56, 168, and 336 kg·ha–1) and 3 K (52, 156, and 312 kg·ha–1) rates were used with three broadcast applications per year. In the second experiment, there were two irrigation regimes (at 30% and 60% depletion of available soil moisture, ASM, content) with three subtreatments of variable N and K rates (Kg·ha–1) at 56: 52; 112: 104, and 336: 312 kg·ha–1. The fruit were harvested three times each season, waxed with shellac wax, and stored at 70°F for evaluation of pitting. The pitting incidence was lower at the optimal N and K rates than that at the low or high rates. The irrigation at 30% ASM significantly reduced pitting incidence. The higher incidence of pitting was found in an area in the grove with higher water table. This study suggested that effects of water may play an important role on peel physiology and pitting.

INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY ON PRODUCTIVINESS AND CORRELATION BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY ELEMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Mahira Aydin Veliyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Density Dependence ◽  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
External Conditions

The article is devoted to the introduction of the “Studying of the effect of external conditions and components of agro-technical cultivation components on falling degree of vegetative organs of cotton plant” which was started in 2011, where the plant density is also described. The experiment was carried out in the plots with 100m length, 4- rowed fields by 4 repeats and 12 options. The size of each of the rows was 240 m2, total experimental plot equaled 240 x 12 x 4=11520m2. By that purpose observation over plant densities had been conducted in the experiments which were based on introduction of microelements at two periods, on background of fertilizers N100 P100 K50, two plant densities and three deeply varying irrigation regimes. The factors affecting on decline at 6020x1; 60x20x2 plant density, dependence between plant density and mass of a ball, plant density and productiveness are determined. Key words:plant density, water-nutrition, irrigation regime, hard, optimal, high regime of irrigation, nutrition area, fruit organs, falling, correlation.

Growth, physiology, and leachate losses in Picea glauca seedlings (1+0) grown in air-slit containers under different irrigation regimes

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1968-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Lamhamedi ◽  
Gil Lambany ◽  
Hank Margolis ◽  
Mario Renaud ◽  
Linda Veilleux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Lower Height

In production tunnels, time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to manage irrigation and leaching by controlling water content in the rhizosphere of air-slit containerized white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings (1+0). Seedlings were exposed to four irrigation regimes (v/v: IR-60%, IR-45%, IR-30%, and IR-15%) during the first growing season to assess IR effects on growth, gas exchange, nutrient uptake, carbohydrates, root architecture, and leaching. In the province of Quebec, seedling producers generally maintain a high substrate water content (>50%, v/v) during all growth phases. The accuracy and feasibility of using TDR to decrease irrigation without affecting the material attributes of the seedlings at the end of the first growing season was confirmed. However, seedlings grown under IR-15% had significantly lower height, root collar diameter, shoot and root dry masses, root surface, root length, net photosynthesis, and nutrient contents than seedlings grown under IR-30%, IR-45%, and IR-60%. In comparison with IR-30% and IR-45%, the application of IR-60% produced no increase in shoot or root growth, mineral nutrition, and carbohydrates. Seedlings grown under IR-15%, IR-30%, and IR-45% used approximately 28, 37, and 46%, respectively, of the amount of water applied under IR-60%. Nutrient losses including anions and cations under IR-60% were higher in comparison with the other IRs. Maintaining a water content in the rhizosphere that changes with the stage of seedling development is suggested to optimize growth and to avoid excess irrigation and leaching.

Parental environment aftereffects on germination, growth, and adaptive traits in selected white spruce families

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael U Stoehr ◽  
Sylvia J L'Hirondelle ◽  
Wolfgang D Binder ◽  
Joe E Webber
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Season ◽  
Germination Traits ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Progeny Performance ◽  
Needle Primordia

Seed orchards for the production of conifer seed in British Columbia are usually located in areas favorable (warm and dry) for flowering and seed development, often considerably south of the source location of the parent trees. Differences in environmental conditions between seed orchard location and location of origin can affect progeny performance. It is suspected that this is caused by environmental factors that affect reproductive processes of parent trees and lead to altered physiological traits (aftereffects). This study examined if aftereffects are present in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Control pollinations were made at two locations, Red Rock, near Prince George (53°N) in central British Columbia, and Kalamalka, near Vernon (50°N) in southern British Columbia, on five female trees using a four-male polymix. Identical genotypes through grafting were present at the two locations. Pollen maturing at each site was only used in the polymix at that particular location. Progeny were raised and germination traits, number of needle primordia, greenhouse and field heights, and frost hardiness were evaluated in a common environment. The location of seed development significantly affected all traits evaluated. Height growth aftereffects in the second field season were much less than those observed in the first field season. These results suggest that aftereffects are detectable in white spruce progeny performance in British Columbia.

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