Regulation of cellulose-inducible structures of Clostridium cellulovorans

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjie G Blair ◽  
Kevin L Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Clostridium Cellulovorans ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Bacterial Ultrastructure ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy was used to detect ultrastructural protuberances on the cellulolytic anaerobe Clostridium cellulovorans. Numerous ultrastructural protuberances were observed on cellulose-grown cells, but few were detected on glucose-, fructose-, cellobiose-, or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-grown cells. Formation of these protuberances was detected within 2 h of incubation in cellulose medium, but 4 h incubation was required before numerous structures were observed on the cells. When a soluble carbohydrate or CMC was mixed with cellulose-grown cells, the ultrastructural protuberances could no longer be detected. In fact, no protuberances were observed within 5 min following the addition of glucose, cellobiose, or methylglucose to cellulose-grown cells. The presence of these protuberances corresponded with the binding of the Bandeiraea simplicifolia BSI-B4 isolectin to the cell. Cellulose-grown cells had a greater level of observable lectin binding than cellobiose-grown cells, and lectin binding was not detected on glucose- or fructose-grown cells. In addition, lectin binding ability was lost by cellulose-grown cells following the addition of glucose, fructose, or methylglucose to the cellulose medium. A cellulose-affinity protein fraction expressing cellulase activity was also detected in cell extracts of cellobiose- or cellulose-grown cultures. However, this protein fraction was not detected in extracts of glucose-grown cultures, and was rapidly lost (within 5 min) following the addition of glucose to cellulose-grown cultures. The ability of C. cellulovorans to adhere to cellulose was also affected by the energy substrate, but not in the same manner as the protuberance formation or the cellulase-containing protein fraction. Rather, cellobiose-, cellulose-, and CMC-grown cultures adhered to cellulose, but this adherence was not affected by addition of glucose to the medium. This is the first report that soluble carbohydrates caused the rapid loss of some cellulose-inducible systems of C. cellulovorans.Key words: cellulolytic bacteria, bacterial ultrastructure, polycellulosome, scanning electron microscope, lectin binding, cellulosome.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

Influence of environmental conditions on insect reproduction and chemical composition of escamoles (Liometopum apiculatum M)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Melo-Ruíz ◽  
K. Sánchez-Herrera ◽  
H. Sandoval-Trujillo ◽  
R. Díaz-García ◽  
T. Quirino-Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritional Condition ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Insect Reproduction

Escamoles, ant eggs (Liometopum apiculatum M), are edible insects consumed in great numbers and appreciated for their sensory characteristics, but not for their nutritional value. In Mexico, they reproduce in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico and several states (Puebla, Tlaxcala, Hidalgo). Samples were gathered to determine reproduction conditions and perform an insect analysis to generate data composition in macronutrients, on dry basis, according to AOAC methods. The obtained data were: proteins: 42.12-50.63%; lipids: 30.27-34.96%; minerals: 6.53-7.85%; fibres: 1.91-2.56%; and soluble carbohydrates: 6.80-18.27%. Entomological material was collected in spring 2014, 3 nests for each zone, all from different altitudes and agroclimatic regions. Samples were representative for the insect supply in the areas studied. Insects are high in proteins and lipids, compared with most of the commonly consumed food, due to their high content of fatty acids; they must be refrigerated for later consumption. Minerals are moderated. Fibre and soluble carbohydrate levels are low, but an excess of proteins can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis. Escamoles reproduce once a year in the spring, but sometimes one nest can provide escamoles eggs twice in the same season, once at the beginning and again at the end, depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions of their environment. Escamoles are a good source of nutrients; however, some rural people sell them to obtain extra income rather than consume them to improve their nutritional condition and welfare.

scholarly journals Arsenic Application Changed Growth, Photo-Synthetic Pigments and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Under Salinity Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Talebi ◽  
M. Heidari ◽  
H. Ghorbani
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Synthetic Pigments ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Gpx Activity

Abstract The elevation of arsenic (As) content in soils is of considerable concern with respect to its uptake by plant and subsequent entry into wildlife and human food chains. The treatment of sorghum seedlings with As as NaH2As4O. 7H2O at various concentrations (A1 = 0, A2 = 20, A3 = 40 and A4 = 60 mg As kg−1 soil) and salinity at four different levels (S1 = 0, S2 = 3, S3 = 6 and S3 = 9 dS m−1) reduced fresh and dry weights of sorghum plants. The co-application of As and salinity increased the guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity in shoot and root tissues. The highest GPX activity in shoot and root tissues was obtained at S2A4 and S3A3 treatments, respectively. The activity of catalase (CAT) in shoot was not changed, but unlike the GPX activity, salinity and As decreased the CAT activity in root tissues. Concerning the photosynthesis pigments, salinity had no effect on the chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoid content in leaves, but the As treatment significantly decreased the content of both chlorophyll types. Salinity increased the anthocyanin content in leaves. There were negative correlation between soluble carbohydrates (r2 = −0.78**) and stomata conductance (r2 = −0.45**) and dry weight of the plant biomass in this study. By increasing the salinity and As concentration in root medium, soluble carbohydrate in leaves increased but salinity decreased the leaf stomata conductance.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Effect of Early Defoliation on Dry Matter Accumulation and Storage of Reserves on ‘Abbé Fétel’ Pear Trees

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2169-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mesa ◽  
Sara Serra ◽  
Andrea Masia ◽  
Federico Gagliardi ◽  
Daniele Bucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pear Trees

Annual accumulation of starch is affected by carbon reserves stored in the organs during the growing season and is controlled mainly by sink strength gradients within the tree. However, unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., hail events) or application of management practices (e.g., defoliation to enhance overcolor in bicolor apple) could influence the allocation of storage carbohydrates. This preliminary research was conducted to determine the effects of early defoliation on the dry matter, starch, and soluble carbohydrate dynamics in woody organs, roots, and mixed buds classified by age and two levels of crop-load for one growing season in ‘Abbé Fétel’ pear trees (Oct. 2012 to mid-Jan. 2013 in the northern hemisphere). Regardless of the organs evaluated (woody organs, roots, and mixed buds), an increase of soluble carbohydrate concentration was observed in these organs in the period between after harvest (October) and January (dormancy period). Among all organs, woody short-old spurs showed the highest increase (+93.5%) in soluble sugars. With respect to starch, woody organs showed a clear trend of decreasing in concentration between October and January. In this case, short-old spurs showed the smallest decline in starch concentrations, only 6.5%, whereas in other tree organs starch decreased by 34.5%. After harvest (October), leaves showed substantially higher starch and soluble sugar concentrations in trees with lower crop-loads. These results confirm that in the period between October and January, dynamic interconversions between starch and soluble carbohydrates occur at varying magnitudes among organs in pear trees.

scholarly journals Changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under submergence stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Md Juiceball Hassan ◽  
Md Masudul Karim ◽  
Md Amirul Islam ◽  
Md Habibur Rahman Pramanik ◽  
Md Alamgir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Stress Condition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Submergence Stress ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Submergence stress at early vegetative stage is one of the most important constraints in the productivity of rice in Bangladesh. Submergence causes yield loss of rice at Aman season in Bangladesh and therefore, it is necessary to develop submergence tolerant rice cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted at the net house of Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, during Aman season from July to December, 2017 to evaluate the changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) associated with submergence tolerance in rice. The experiment consisted of two factors—(i) Rice cultivars (Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, BRRI dhan51 and BRRI dhan52 as tolerant and BRRI dhan49 as susceptible) and(ii) Submergence stress: Submergence for 14 days at vegetative stage and control. Submergence stress was imposed by dipping of pots into a water tank with about 90 cm depth of water while the control plants are maintained in the pot house of the field laboratory. The plants were sampled at seven days interval during submergence to determine the changes in root porosity and to examine the contribution of shoot reserves for their survival. The root porosity was measured by pycnometer method and water soluble carbohydrate was measured by the anthrone method. Tolerant cultivars showed greater root porosity development in both control and stress condition but the susceptible cultivar showed significantly lower root development in stress condition. Higher root porosity might help tolerant cultivars to survive in submergence stress more efficiently. Tolerant rice cultivars had high initial soluble carbohydrate than the susceptible one. Under submergedcondition, the tolerant cultivars showed slow depletion of water soluble carbohydrate compared to susceptible cultivar. Higher carbohydrate contents in tolerant cultivars might act as buffer stock during submergence for their better survival and growth. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 539–544, 2019

Osmotic Adjustment: Effect of Water Stress on Carbohydrates in Leaves, Stems and Roots of Apple

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Wang ◽  
B Quebedeaux ◽  
GW Stutte
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Response To Water

Potted apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Jonathan) trees were subjected to water stress in a greenhouse. Midday leaf water potential (ΨW), osmotic potential (ΨS), soluble carbohydrates, and starch content of expanding and mature leaves, stems, and roots were measured to determine whether active osmotic adjustment occurred and if water stress affected carbohydrate metabolism. Mature leaves had the highest total soluble carbohydrate level (357 mM) and lowest Ψ (-1.85 MPa), followed by young leaves (278 mM, -1.58 MPa), stems (115 mM, -1.02 MPa), and roots (114 mM, -0.87 MPa). Sorbitol was the major component in all organs ranging from 53% of total soluble carbohydrate in young leaves to 73% in mature leaves. When ΨW decreased from -1.0 to -3.2 MPa, active osmotic adjustments of 0.3-0.4 MPa were observed in mature leaves, stems, and roots while a significantly higher adjustment of 1.0 MPa was detected in young leaves 5 days after the initiation of water stress. Sorbitol levels in leaves and stems gradually increased as ΨW decreased from -1.0 to -2.5 MPa, and then remained relatively stable or decreased slightly as ΨW decreased from -2.5 to -3.2 MPa. However, the percentage of soluble carbohydrate as sorbitol in roots decreased in response to water stress. Sucrose concentration decreased in mature leaves and stems, but increased in young leaves and roots as ΨW decreased. Starch concentrations in stems and roots also decreased as water stress developed. The sorbitol to sucrose ratios increased in mature leaves, but decreased in roots in response to water stress.

The ovotestis of Aplysia californica: anatomy and egg release

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2220-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Edward Dudek ◽  
Hampik S. Injeyan ◽  
Bonnie Soutar ◽  
Greg Weir ◽  
Stephen S. Tobe
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
Cell Extract ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
High K ◽  
Scanning Electron

Egg release from the ovotestis of Aplysia californica has been studied using ovotestis fragments and bag cell extracts. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed clusters of follicles surrounded by muscle cells. Mature oocytes observed in egg masses and those released from ovotestis fragments were 90 μm in diameter. The number of mature releasable oocytes was relatively constant throughout the ovotestis, although a gradual reduction occurred with increasing distance from the small hermaphroditic duct.Bag cell induced egg release was detectable in vitro within 30 min and was complete by 180 min. The time course of egg release was similar under conditions of either continuous exposure or a 30-min pulse of bag cell extract. Artificial seawater (ASW) solutions with high K+ (110 mM) did not stimulate egg release unless bag cell extract was present. ASW with no Ca2+ and 3 mM EGTA or ASW containing Co2+ (10 mM) inhibited both bag cell induced and spontaneous (ASW alone) egg release.Therefore, brief exposure to bag cell peptide can trigger the egg release process, which is long lasting (~ 3 h) and Ca2+ dependent. The observation that high K+ did not stimulate egg release challenges the muscle contraction hypothesis of egg release.

Yield Performance and Content of Selected Organic Compounds in Trifolium pratense Treated with Various Biostimulants against the Background of Nitrogen Fertilisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Godlewska ◽  
G. A. Ciepiela
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Nitrogen Application Rate

The present work is an attempt to assess the effect of biostimulants of various origins and nitrogen regime on yield performance, chlorophyll content, protein content and soluble carbohydrate in red clover. A field experiment was arranged as a randomized subblock design (split-plot) in Poland in August 2013. The following factors were examined: type of biostimulant; nitrogen application rate: 0 (control) and 30 kg. ha-1. Biostimulants significantly increased red clover biomass yields. All the examined biostimulants contributed to an increase in the amount of organic components in red clover dry matter. Nitrogen applied at the rate of 30 kg. ha-1 significantly increased red clover yield, chlorophyll content in red clover leaves and protein compounds but it also significantly reduced soluble carbohydrates in the dry matter of test plants.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and soluble carbohydrate contents of grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N

Italian rye-grass given ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate at 56 or 112 lb. N/acre was analysed for total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (non-protein-nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates.Ten days after applying fertilizer the differences in total-N between the grass receiving 56 and grass receiving 112 lb. N/acre were very small. Total-N in grass decreased with growth, but the effect of the rate of nitrogen on total-N increased. At first the grass given sodium nitrate contained more soluble nitrogen than grass given ammonium sulphate, the difference being greater at 56 lb. N/acre; soluble nitrogen decreased with increasing growth. Ten days after applying fertilizer, the nitrate-N content of grass was very high (ranging from 0·1 to 0·9% in the D.M.) and it gradually decreased. At both levels of nitrogen application, grass given sodium nitrate contained much more nitrate-N than grass given ammonium sulphate. Forty days after applying nitrogen the nitrate-N contents of grass which received 56 and 112 1b. N/acre as ammonium sulphate were 0·039 and 0·222% of the dry matter, respectively; the grass supplied with sodium nitrate gave values of 0·082 and 0·438%.Total soluble carbohydrates in the grass were small early in growth and gradually increased. Nitrogen dressings had little effect on the content of soluble sugars (glucose + fructose + sucrose) but greatly decreased the fructosan. The pattern of changes in the total soluble carbohydrate content followed that in fructosan content. Early in growth, the total soluble carbohydrate/crude protein ratio was very small in grass from all treatments except the ‘control’. This ratio increased with growth and at the last sampling was 2·13 in grass receiving no nitrogen, and in grass supplied with 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as ammonium sulphate it was 1·44 and 0·72 respectively; the corresponding figures for grass receiving sodium nitrate were 1·13 and 0·66. The total soluble carbohydrate carbon/soluble nitrogen ratio in grass with no nitrogen was 18 at the first sampling and it increased gradually, reaching 70 at the last sampling. This ratio was considerably less with all nitrogen treatments than with ‘control’. The values obtained with 112 lb. N/acre were less than those obtained with 561b./acre, irrespective of the form of nitrogen used.The relationship between the soluble carbohydrate carbon content and the soluble nitrogen in grass is illustrated graphically and discussed.

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