Chitinase production during interaction of Trichoderma aggressivum and Agaricus bisporus

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 961-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Guthrie ◽  
Alan J Castle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Chitinase Production ◽  
Green Mould

The competitor fungus Trichoderma aggressivum causes green mould disease, a potentially devastating problem of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Due to the recent appearance of this problem, very little is known about the mechanisms by which T. aggressivum interacts with and inhibits A. bisporus. A mechanism generally used by Trichoderma species in the antagonism of other fungi is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study, we determined the activities of chitinases produced in dual cultures of these fungi over a 2 week period. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes were studied. Agaricus bisporus produced N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 111, 105, and 96 kDa. Two resistant brown strains produced greater activities of the 96 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase than susceptible off-white and white strains. This result suggested that this enzyme might have a role in the resistance of commercial brown strains to green mould disease. Trichoderma aggressivum produced three N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 131, 125, and 122 kDa, a 40 kDa chitobiosidase, and a 36 kDa endochitinase. The 122 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase showed the greatest activity and may be an important predictor of antifungal activity.Key words: mushrooms, chitinases, Trichoderma, Agaricus.

Regulation of three genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Trichoderma aggressivum during interaction with Agaricus bisporus

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal S. Abubaker ◽  
Calvin Sjaarda ◽  
Alan J. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Mixed Cultures ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Green Mould ◽  
Catabolite Regulation

Members of the genus Trichoderma are very effective competitors of a variety of fungi. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including proteinases, glucanases, and chitinases, are commonly secreted as part of the competitive process. Trichoderma aggressivum is the causative agent of green mould disease of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The structures of 3 T. aggressivum genes, prb1 encoding a proteinase, ech42 encoding an endochitinase, and a β-glucanase gene, were determined. Promoter elements in the prb1 and ech42 genes suggested that transcription is regulated by carbon and nitrogen levels and by stress. Both genes had mycoparasitism-related elements indicating potential roles for the protein products in competition. The promoter of the β-glucanase gene contained CreA and AreA binding sites indicative of catabolite regulation but contained no mycoparasitism elements. Transcription of the 3 genes was measured in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum and A. bisporus. Two A. bisporus strains, U1, which is sensitive to green mould disease, and SB65, which shows some resistance, were used in co-cultivation tests to assess possible roles of the genes in disease production and severity. prb1 and ech42 were coordinately upregulated after 5 days, whereas β-glucanase transcription was upregulated from day 0 with both Agaricus strains. Upregulation was much less pronounced in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum with the resistant strain, SB65, than with the sensitive strain, U1. These observations suggested that the proteins encoded by these genes have roles in both nutrition and in severity of green mould disease.

scholarly journals Oligogalacturonide-Mediated Induction of a Gene Involved in Jasmonic Acid Synthesis in Response to the Cell-Wall-Degrading Enzymes of the Plant Pathogen Erwinia carotovora

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 640-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Norman ◽  
Sabina Vidal ◽  
E. Tapio Palva
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Allene Oxide ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
High Sequence Homology ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Identification of Arabidopsis thaliana genes responsive to plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora led to the isolation of a cDNA clone with high sequence homology to the gene for allene oxide synthase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonates. Expression of the corresponding gene was induced by the extracellular enzymes from this pathogen as well as by treatment with methyl jasmonate and short oligogalacturonides (OGAs). This suggests that OGAs are involved in the induction of the jasmonate pathway during plant defense response to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora attack.

Suppression of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes and their Encoding Genes in Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) by CaCl2 and Citric Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zia Ullah Khan ◽  
Li Jiayin ◽  
Nasir Mehmood Khan ◽  
Wangshu Mou ◽  
Dongdong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Button Mushrooms ◽  
Encoding Genes

scholarly journals STUDY ON INDUCTION OF TRICHODERMA LONGIBRACHIATUM

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Trung Thanh Thach ◽  
Linh Thi Thu Ho ◽  
Hiep Minh Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colloidal Chitin ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Chitinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Enzymatic Mechanism ◽  
Substrate Competition

Trichoderma species are known as potential biocontrol agents against the plant pathogenic fungi with various mechanisms (parasitism, antibiosis, substrate competition...). One of the most important mechanisms is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. Chitinolytic enzymes, especially, endochitinase plays an important role in the enzymatic mechanism by the abundant and frequent induction more than other groups in whole of chitinolytic system. Trichoderma longibrachiatum TÐ16 was grown in the TSM medium containing various substrates. We recognized that 1.0% (w/v) colloidal chitin and 0.5% (w/v) S. rolfsii cell wall induced to biosynthesize chitinase and endochitnase with higher activity than P. capsici cell wall at the fifth day. This strain induced and expressed various endochitinase isozymes when growing on the substrates above, respectively. Two endochitnase isozymes (52 and 42 kDa) on colloidal chitin and (42 and 36 kDa) on S. roflsii cell wall were induced. The 42 kDa endochitinase is induced and expressed on both two substrates.

Molecular organization of selected prokaryotic S-layer proteins

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 731-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Claus ◽  
Erol Akça ◽  
Tony Debaerdemaeker ◽  
Christine Evrard ◽  
Jean-Paul Declercq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Protein Stabilization ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Archaeal Species ◽  
Molecular Masses

Regular crystalline surface layers (S-layers) are widespread among prokaryotes and probably represent the earliest cell wall structures. S-layer genes have been found in approximately 400 different species of the prokaryotic domains bacteria and archaea. S-layers usually consist of a single (glyco-)protein species with molecular masses ranging from about 40 to 200 kDa that form lattices of oblique, tetragonal, or hexagonal architecture. The primary sequen ces of hyperthermophilic archaeal species exhibit some characteristic signatures. Further adaptations to their specific environments occur by various post-translational modifications, such as linkage of glycans, lipids, phosphate, and sulfate groups to the protein or by proteolytic processing. Specific domains direct the anchoring of the S-layer to the underlying cell wall components and transport across the cytoplasma membrane. In addition to their presumptive original role as protective coats in archaea and bacteria, they have adapted new functions, e.g., as molecular sieves, attachment sites for extracellular enzymes, and virulence factors.Key words: prokaryotes, cell walls, S-layer (glyco-) proteins, protein stabilization.

scholarly journals Valorization of sugarcane bagasse by chemical pretreatment and enzyme mediated deconstruction

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vihang S. Thite ◽  
Anuradha S. Nerurkar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Soluble Components

Abstract After chemical pretreatment, improved amenability of agrowaste biomass for enzymatic saccharification needs an understanding of the effect exerted by pretreatments on biomass for enzymatic deconstruction. In present studies, NaOH, NH4OH and H2SO4 pretreatments effectively changed visible morphology imparting distinct fibrous appearance to sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Filtrate analysis after NaOH, NH4OH and H2SO4 pretreatments yielded release of soluble reducing sugars (SRS) in range of ~0.17–0.44%, ~0.38–0.75% and ~2.9–8.4% respectively. Gravimetric analysis of pretreated SCB (PSCB) biomass also revealed dry weight loss in range of ~25.8–44.8%, ~11.1–16.0% and ~28.3–38.0% by the three pretreatments in the same order. Release of soluble components other than SRS, majorly reported to be soluble lignins, were observed highest for NaOH followed by H2SO4 and NH4OH pretreatments. Decrease or absence of peaks attributed to lignin and loosened fibrous appearance of biomass during FTIR and SEM studies respectively further corroborated with our observations of lignin removal. Application of commercial cellulase increased raw SCB saccharification from 1.93% to 38.84%, 25.56% and 9.61% after NaOH, H2SO4 and NH4OH pretreatments. Structural changes brought by cell wall degrading enzymes were first time shown visually confirming the cell wall disintegration under brightfield, darkfield and fluorescence microscopy. The microscopic evidence and saccharification results proved that the chemical treatment valorized the SCB by making it amenable for enzymatic saccharification.

scholarly journals High-CO2 Treatment Prolongs the Postharvest Shelf Life of Strawberry Fruits by Reducing Decay and Cell Wall Degradation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1649
Author(s):  
Hyang-Lan Eum ◽  
Seung-Hyun Han ◽  
Eun-Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Pectate Lyase ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Co2 Treatment

Improved methods are needed to extend the shelf life of strawberry fruits. The objective of this study was to determine the postharvest physiological mechanism of high-CO2 treatment in strawberries. Harvested strawberries were stored at 10 °C after 3 h of exposure to a treatment with 30% CO2 or air. Pectin and gene expression levels related to cell wall degradation were measured to assess the high-CO2 effects on the cell wall and lipid metabolism. Strawberries subjected to high-CO2 treatment presented higher pectin content and firmness and lower decay than those of control fruits. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and pectate lyase) were downregulated after high-CO2 treatment. High-CO2 induced the expression of oligogalacturonides, thereby conferring defense against Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruits, and lowering the decay incidence at seven days after its inoculation. Our findings suggest that high-CO2 treatment can maintain strawberry quality by reducing decay and cell wall degradation.

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