scholarly journals STUDY ON INDUCTION OF TRICHODERMA LONGIBRACHIATUM

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Trung Thanh Thach ◽  
Linh Thi Thu Ho ◽  
Hiep Minh Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colloidal Chitin ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Chitinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Enzymatic Mechanism ◽  
Substrate Competition

Trichoderma species are known as potential biocontrol agents against the plant pathogenic fungi with various mechanisms (parasitism, antibiosis, substrate competition...). One of the most important mechanisms is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. Chitinolytic enzymes, especially, endochitinase plays an important role in the enzymatic mechanism by the abundant and frequent induction more than other groups in whole of chitinolytic system. Trichoderma longibrachiatum TÐ16 was grown in the TSM medium containing various substrates. We recognized that 1.0% (w/v) colloidal chitin and 0.5% (w/v) S. rolfsii cell wall induced to biosynthesize chitinase and endochitnase with higher activity than P. capsici cell wall at the fifth day. This strain induced and expressed various endochitinase isozymes when growing on the substrates above, respectively. Two endochitnase isozymes (52 and 42 kDa) on colloidal chitin and (42 and 36 kDa) on S. roflsii cell wall were induced. The 42 kDa endochitinase is induced and expressed on both two substrates.

scholarly journals Arsenal of plant cell wall degrading enzymes reflects host preference among plant pathogenic fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C King ◽  
Katrina D Waxman ◽  
Nicholas V Nenni ◽  
Larry P Walker ◽  
Gary C Bergstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

The Biocontrol Mechanism of Trichoderma asperellum Resistance Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4525-4528
Author(s):  
Ping Yang ◽  
Qian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

T. asperellum is an important biocontrol fungus owing to their ability to antagonize plant pathogenic fungi. The biocontrol effects of T. asperellum were played by secreting many kinds of hydrolytic enzymes and antibiotics. T. asperellum producing more cell wall degrading enzymes when meeting plant pathogens. Moreover, the growth of the plant pathogens was inhibited by T. asperellum secondary metabolites. The yield of antibiotic 6-PP was 1.32 mg 6-PP/g mycelial dry weight. T. asperellum control plant pathogens through secreting cell wall degrading enzymes and producing antifungal metabolites.

scholarly journals Discovery and Use of Genes and Gene Combinations Coding for Proteins Useful in Biological Control

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Harman ◽  
Ilan Chet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Transgenic Organisms ◽  
Genetic Sequences ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

The objectives of the research in this proposal were to (A) identify synergy among proteins that provide enhanced activity over single proteins for control of plant pathogenic fungi, (B) clone and characterize genetic sequences coding for proteins with ability to control pathogenic fungi, (C) produce transgenic organisms with enhanced biocontrol ability using genes and gene combinations and determine their efficiency in protecting plants against plant pathogenic fungi. A related objective was to produce disease-resistant plants. Fungal cell wall degrading enzymes from any source are strongly synergistic with any membrane active compound and, further, different classes of cell wall degrading enzymes are also strongly synergistic. We have cloned and sequenced a number of genes from bacterial and fungal sources including five that are structurally unrelated. We have prepared transgenic fungi that are deficient in production of enzymes and useful in mechanistic studies. Others are hyperproducers of specific enzymes that permit us, for the first time, to produce enzymes from T. harzianum in sufficient quantity to conduct tests of their potential use in commercial agriculture. Finally, genes from these studies have been inserted into several species of crop plants were they produce a high level of resistance to several plant pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Induction of Fusarium lytic Enzymes by Extracts from Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽  
Chaima Ajmi ◽  
Souheib Oueslati ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Oat Bran

Being pathogenic fungi, Fusarium produce various extracellular cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that degrade the polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. They also produce mycotoxins that contaminate grains, thereby posing a serious threat to animals and human beings. Exposure to mycotoxins occurs through ingestion of contaminated grains, inhalation and through skin absorption, thereby causing mycotoxicoses. The toxins weaken the host plant, allowing the pathogen to invade successfully, with the efficiency varying from strain to strain and depending on the plant infected. Fusariumoxysporum predominantly produces moniliformin and cyclodepsipeptides, whereas F. proliferatum produces fumonisins. The aim of the study was to understand the role of various substrates and pea plant extracts in inducing the production of CWDEs and mycotoxins. Additionally, to monitor the differences in their levels when susceptible and resistant pea plant extracts were supplemented. The cultures of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum strains were supplemented with various potential inducers of CWDEs. During the initial days after the addition of substrates, the fungus cocultivated with pea extracts and other carbon substrates showed increased activities of β-glucosidase, xylanase, exo-1,4-glucanase and lipase. The highest inhibition of mycelium growth (57%) was found in the cultures of F. proliferatum strain PEA1 upon the addition of cv. Sokolik extract. The lowest fumonisin content was exhibited by the cultures with the pea extracts and oat bran added, and this can be related to the secondary metabolites and antioxidants present in these substrates.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Herbaceous and Woody Cell Wall Digestibility by Pathogenic Fungi

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7220
Author(s):  
Yanhua Dou ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Nitesh Kumar Mund ◽  
Yanping Wei ◽  
Yisong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Enzyme Activity Assay

Fungal pathogens have evolved combinations of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) to deconstruct host plant cell walls (PCWs). An understanding of this process is hoped to create a basis for improving plant biomass conversion efficiency into sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. Here, an approach integrating enzyme activity assay, biomass pretreatment, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and genomic analysis of PCWDEs were applied to examine digestibility or degradability of selected woody and herbaceous biomass by pathogenic fungi. Preferred hydrolysis of apple tree branch, rapeseed straw, or wheat straw were observed by the apple-tree-specific pathogen Valsa mali, the rapeseed pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and the wheat pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis, respectively. Delignification by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment increased PCW digestibility, and the increase was generally more profound with non-host than host PCW substrates. Hemicellulase pretreatment slightly reduced or had no effect on hemicellulose content in the PCW substrates tested; however, the pretreatment significantly changed hydrolytic preferences of the selected pathogens, indicating a role of hemicellulose branching in PCW digestibility. Cellulose organization appears to also impact digestibility of host PCWs, as reflected by differences in cellulose microfibril organization in woody and herbaceous PCWs and variation in cellulose-binding domain organization in cellulases of pathogenic fungi, which is known to influence enzyme access to cellulose. Taken together, this study highlighted the importance of chemical structure of both hemicelluloses and cellulose in host PCW digestibility by fungal pathogens.

Pathogenic Fungi Induce the Expression of Trichoderma asperellum Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in the Process of Mycoparasitism

2014 ◽  
Vol 937 ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Chitinase Gene ◽  
Trichoderma Asperellum ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Cytospora Chrysosperma

Trichoderma asperellum is an important biocontrol fungus which has been shown to control plant soil-borne pathogens, such as: Pythium ultimum, Fusariumoxysporum, Cytospora chrysosperma and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The goal of this research is to study whether the cell wall degrading enzymes genes were induced by pathogens or not in the process of T. asperellum mycoparasitism. The results suggest that chitinase gene ech42, β-1,3 glucanase gene bgn13.1, and β-1,6 glucanase gene bgn16.1 can be induced by pathogens. However, two N-acetyl-amino glycosidase nag1 and nag2 can not be induced by pathogens.

Chitinase production during interaction of Trichoderma aggressivum and Agaricus bisporus

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 961-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Guthrie ◽  
Alan J Castle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Molecular Masses ◽  
Chitinase Production ◽  
Green Mould

The competitor fungus Trichoderma aggressivum causes green mould disease, a potentially devastating problem of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Due to the recent appearance of this problem, very little is known about the mechanisms by which T. aggressivum interacts with and inhibits A. bisporus. A mechanism generally used by Trichoderma species in the antagonism of other fungi is the secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes. In this study, we determined the activities of chitinases produced in dual cultures of these fungi over a 2 week period. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes were studied. Agaricus bisporus produced N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 111, 105, and 96 kDa. Two resistant brown strains produced greater activities of the 96 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase than susceptible off-white and white strains. This result suggested that this enzyme might have a role in the resistance of commercial brown strains to green mould disease. Trichoderma aggressivum produced three N-acetylglucosaminidases with apparent molecular masses of 131, 125, and 122 kDa, a 40 kDa chitobiosidase, and a 36 kDa endochitinase. The 122 kDa N-acetylglucosaminidase showed the greatest activity and may be an important predictor of antifungal activity.Key words: mushrooms, chitinases, Trichoderma, Agaricus.

scholarly journals Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense via comparative genome analysis

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Bazli Ramzi ◽  
Muhammad Lutfi Che Me ◽  
Ummul Syafiqah Ruslan ◽  
Syarul Nataqain Baharum ◽  
Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Comparative Genome Analysis ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Host Interaction

Background G. boninense is a hemibiotrophic fungus that infects oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) causing basal stem rot (BSR) disease and consequent massive economic losses to the oil palm industry. The pathogenicity of this white-rot fungus has been associated with cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) released during saprophytic and necrotrophic stage of infection of the oil palm host. However, there is a lack of information available on the essentiality of CWDEs in wood-decaying process and pathogenesis of this oil palm pathogen especially at molecular and genome levels. Methods In this study, comparative genome analysis was carried out using the G. boninense NJ3 genome to identify and characterize carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) including CWDE in the fungal genome. Augustus pipeline was employed for gene identification in G. boninense NJ3 and the produced protein sequences were analyzed via dbCAN pipeline and PhiBase 4.5 database annotation for CAZymes and plant-host interaction (PHI) gene analysis, respectively. Comparison of CAZymes from G. boninense NJ3 was made against G. lucidum, a well-studied model Ganoderma sp. and five selected pathogenic fungi for CAZymes characterization. Functional annotation of PHI genes was carried out using Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot (WEGO) and was used for selecting candidate PHI genes related to cell wall degradation of G. boninense NJ3. Results G. boninense was enriched with CAZymes and CWDEs in a similar fashion to G. lucidum that corroborate with the lignocellulolytic abilities of both closely-related fungal strains. The role of polysaccharide and cell wall degrading enzymes in the hemibiotrophic mode of infection of G. boninense was investigated by analyzing the fungal CAZymes with necrotrophic Armillaria solidipes, A. mellea, biotrophic Ustilago maydis, Melampsora larici-populina and hemibiotrophic Moniliophthora perniciosa. Profiles of the selected pathogenic fungi demonstrated that necrotizing pathogens including G. boninense NJ3 exhibited an extensive set of CAZymes as compared to the more CAZymes-limited biotrophic pathogens. Following PHI analysis, several candidate genes including polygalacturonase, endo β-1,3-xylanase, β-glucanase and laccase were identified as potential CWDEs that contribute to the plant host interaction and pathogenesis. Discussion This study employed bioinformatics tools for providing a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the production of CAZymes in G. boninense NJ3. Identification and profiling of the fungal polysaccharide- and lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes would further facilitate in elucidating the infection mechanisms through the production of CWDEs by G. boninense. Identification of CAZymes and CWDE-related PHI genes in G. boninense would serve as the basis for functional studies of genes associated with the fungal virulence and pathogenicity using systems biology and genetic engineering approaches.

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