Ionic dissociation in pyridine–iodine solutions

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2060-2063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour Aronson ◽  
Stuart Bryan Wilensky ◽  
Taun-Iuan Yeh ◽  
Darnel Degraff ◽  
Grace Marilyn Wieder
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
Iodine Complex ◽  
Ionic Dissociation ◽  
Pyridine Concentration

An electrochemical technique has been employed to study the ionization of the pyridine–iodine complex in pure pyridine and in 1,2-dichloroethane. A mechanism for the ionization in accord with the experimental data is proposed. The results indicate that, for wide ranges of iodine and pyridine concentration, one quarter of the I2 is dissociated into ionic species.

Ionic dissociation in complexes of iodine with triphenylarsine and triphenylstibine

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ru Zhang ◽  
Ira Solomon ◽  
Seymour Aronson
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Ionic Complex ◽  
Ionization Mechanisms ◽  
Iodine Complex ◽  
Ionic Dissociation ◽  
Iodine Complexes

An electrochemical technique has been employed to study the ionization of the iodine complexes of (C6H5)3As, (C6H5)3Sb, and pyridine. Several different ionization mechanisms are proposed depending on the chemical nature and concentration of the reactants. A new ionic complex, (C6H5)3MI22+ is postulated for the interaction of iodine with (C6H5)3As and (C6H5)3Sb at high iodine concentrations. Equilibrium constants have been calculated from the emf data for the various ionization steps. Key words: triphenylarsine, triphenylstibine, iodine, complex formation, ionization.

Ionic dissociation in complexes of iodine with triphenylphosphine and triphenylamine

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 2394-2397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Ru Zhang ◽  
Seymour Aronson ◽  
P. Gary Mennitt
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Compound ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Ionic Dissociation ◽  
Chemical Shift Data ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Doubly Charged ◽  
Shift Data ◽  
Iodine Complexes

An electrochemical technique has been employed to study the ionization of the iodine complexes of (C6H5)3N and (C6H5)3P. Comparison of the results with a previous study indicates that, at high iodine concentrations, the phosphorus compound behaves like (C6H5)3As and (C6H5)3Sb with the formation of a doubly charged ionic species, (C6H5)3PI22+. The nitrogen compound resembles pyridine in its behavior. Chemical shift data on the (C6H5)3P–I2 system using 31P NMR indicates the presence of additional equilibrium processes.

ELECTRONIC STATES IN INTERCALATION MATERIALS STUDIED BY ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 863-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUNNAR A. NIKLASSON ◽  
RAJEEV AHUJA ◽  
MARIA STRØMME
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Density Of States ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Electronic States ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
Disordered Materials ◽  
Good Picture ◽  
Electronic Density ◽  
Intercalation Materials

In this paper, we present a novel method to study the electronic density-of-states of intercalation materials. We present evidence that electrochemical quasi-steady state potential curves of a number of materials exhibit fine structure in striking agreement with the density of electronic states, as obtained from ab initio calculations. The ability to probe the electronic structure by our electrochemical technique seems, in most cases, to be restricted to disordered materials. We suggest that localization of the band states is essential, in order for the technique to give a good picture of their density. The electrochemical density of states is often smaller than the computed one due to kinetic effects, i.e. very slow relaxations of the charge carriers. Our highly sensitive electrochemical method opens new vistas for studying the electronic structure of disordered materials, that can be intercalated with an ionic species.

The reaction of diphenylethylenes with boron trifluoride and water

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Bywater ◽  
Denis J. Worsfold
Keyword(s):  
Boron Trifluoride ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Carbenium Ions ◽  
Methylene Chloride Solution ◽  
Ionic Dissociation ◽  
Carbenium Ion ◽  
High Degree

The concentrations have been measured of carbenium ions formed when diphenylethylene and diphenylpropene react with boron trifluoride and water in methylene chloride solution. With both these olefins it appeared necessary that two boron trifluoride molecules should be present for every water molecule to form the carbenium ion. Also the ionic species formed showed a very high degree of ionic dissociation. Diphenylethylene rapidly formed the cyclized dimer, and as a side reaction formed some triphenylmethylcarbenium ions. The diphenylpropene gave a diphenylcarbenium ion that appeared stable, but the accompanying anion was thought to be unstable and rearranged to a more stable form which disrupted the dependences on the concentrations of original reactants.

Voltammetry of drugs at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions

2004 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailemichael Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Charged Species ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Ph Range

In this review, the results of the electrochemical investigations made on the transfer of ionizable drugs at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in the last decade have been presented. In many of the studies, cyclic voltammetry has been used to investigate the transfer characteristics of the charged species and deduce their partition coefficients, which are very important parameters to infer the lipophilicity of drugs in biological systems. The electrochemical technique allows the precise determination of the distribution of ionic species between two phases in a wider pH range. Such studies point out the complexity of the distribution of ionizable compounds and offer a new approach to relate the structure of such compounds to their passive transport across biological membranes.

Ultraviolet Absorption of Refractory Elements by a Dual Laser Plasma Method

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
J.T. Costello ◽  
W.G. Lynam ◽  
P.K. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Laser Plasma ◽  
Optical Pulse ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Neutral Species ◽  
Plasma Method ◽  
Plasma Technique ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Dual Laser

AbstractThe dual laser-produced plasma technique for the study of ionic absorption spectra has been developed by the use of two Q-switched ruby lasers to enable independent generation of the absorbing and back-lighting plasmas. Optical pulse handling is used in the coupling cicuits to enable reproducible pulse delays from 250 nsec. to 10 msec, to be achieved. At delay times > 700 nsec. spectra of essentially pure neutral species are observed. The technique is valuable, not only for obtaining the neutral spectra of highly refractory and/or corrosive materials but also for studying behaviour of ionic species as a function of time. Typical spectra are shown in Fig. 1.

Effects of Electrical Discharges in Low Pressure Gases on the Morphology of Polyethylene Crystals

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
L.H. Bolz ◽  
D.H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Dielectric Breakdown ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Polymer Surfaces ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
Adhesive Bonds ◽  
Power Distribution Lines ◽  
Modification Of The Surface

The attack, on the surface of a polymer, by the atomic, molecular and ionic species that are created in a low pressure electrical discharge in a gas is interesting because: 1) significant interior morphological features may be revealed, 2) dielectric breakdown of polymeric insulation on high voltage power distribution lines involves the attack on the polymer of such species created in a corona discharge, 3) adhesive bonds formed between polymer surfaces subjected to such SDecies are much stronger than bonds between untreated surfaces, 4) the chemical modification of the surface creates a reactive surface to which a thin layer of another polymer may be bonded by glow discharge polymerization.

Microdiffraction Patterns of Small Metallic Particles II; Theoretical Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
A. Gómez ◽  
P. Schabes-Retchkiman ◽  
M. José-Yacamán ◽  
T. Ocaña
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Splitting Effect

The splitting effect that is observed in microdiffraction pat-terns of small metallic particles in the size range 50-500 Å can be understood using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction for the case of a crystal containing a finite wedge. For the experimental data we refer to part I of this work in these proceedings.

The observation of nano-voids in Au thin films

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 366-367
Author(s):  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Chain Defects ◽  
Vacancy Chains ◽  
Au Thin Films

It has long been known that defects such as stacking faults and voids can be quenched from various alloyed metals heated to near their melting point. Today it is common practice to irradiate samples with various ionic species of rare gases which also form voids containing solidified phases of the same atomic species, e.g. ref. 3. Equivalently, electron irradiation has been used to produce damage events, e.g. ref. 4. Generally all of the above mentioned studies have relied on diffraction contrast to observe the defects produced down to a dimension of perhaps 10 to 20Å. Also all these studies have used ions or electrons which exceeded the damage threshold for knockon events. In the case of higher resolution studies the present author has identified vacancy and interstitial type chain defects in ion irradiated Si and was able to identify both di-interstitial and di-vacancy chains running through the foil.

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