Properties of Concentrated Solutions of Indium Chloride

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1761-1764
Author(s):  
Alan N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Molar Volume ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Ionization Constant ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Indium Chloride ◽  
Solvent Water ◽  
Equivalent Conductance

Certain properties of concentrated solutions of indium trichloride, ranging in strength from 9.889 to 0.4070 m, have been investigated. These properties are: density, molar volume, specific and equivalent conductance, degree of ionization, ionization constant, relative viscosity, activities, and activity coefficients of solvent water and of solute. Two interesting results emerge, viz., the specific conductance passes through a maximum at 3.5 m, and, if the ionization of indium chloride is treated as that of a binary electrolyte, the expression α2c/(1 − α) is constant within 10% over the range 6.267 to 0.7363 m (13.90 to 2.122 N).

Conductances, densities, and viscosities of concentrated solutions of lithium chlorate and of sodium chlorate in water–dioxane mixtures, at 25°

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (22) ◽  
pp. 4207-4211 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Oliver ◽  
A. N. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Apparent Molal Volume ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Molal Volume ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Solvent Viscosity ◽  
Equivalent Conductance

The conductances, densities, and viscosities of sodium chlorate and of lithium chlorate in the solvents 44.5% dioxane–55.5% water and 64.5% dioxane–35.5% water were determined, at 25 °C, almost up to saturation. The apparent molal volume of the electrolytes, calculated from the density data, was found to be greater in the dioxane–water solvents than it is in water, indicating a decrease in solvation in the mixed solvents. The relative viscosity increased as the dioxane content of the solvent increased, showing a larger ordering effect of the electrolytes as the solvent became less hydrogen bonded and less ordered. The equivalent conductance of both electrolytes was greatly reduced as the dioxane content of the solvent was increased, in accord with predictions based on solvent viscosity and dielectric properties. Also, sodium chlorate was found to be more associated than lithium chlorate in the mixed solvents.

scholarly journals THE CONDUCTANCES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LITHIUM CHLORATE AT 25.00 °C. AND AT 131.8 °C.

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1004-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
W. G. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Equivalent Conductance ◽  
Versus Concentration

The conductances, densities, and viscosities of aqueous solutions of lithium chlorate have been obtained over the complete range of concentration at 131.8 °C. and up to saturation (and somewhat beyond) at 25.00 °C. The curve of specific conductance versus concentration passes through a maximum which does not shift noticeably in composition with change in temperature. There are no minima on the curves of equivalent conductance versus concentration. The relative viscosity of the solutions decreases with rise in temperature; this is the reverse of the effect usually observed.The experimental results have been compared with the calculated results, obtained by the use of the equations of Wishaw and Stokes and of Falkenhagen.

Micellization Behaviour of Cationic Surfactants in the Presence of Food Additives: Conductance and Spectroscopic Investigations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonika Arti ◽  
Neha Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Cationic Surfactants ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Micellization Process

Aim: The micellization behavior of cationic surfactants have been studied in the presence of food additives. Objectives: Micellization behaviour of cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) has been studied in water and in various concentrations of salts (food additives) L-glutamic acid, sodium propionate, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate and disodium tartrate dihydrate at (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. Methods: Two methods used in the present study are specific conductance measurements and spectroscopy (NMR) studies. Results: From the specific conductance(κ), various parameters such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), degree of ionization of micelle (α), standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGom), enthalpy (ΔHom), and entropy (ΔSom) of micellization have also been calculated. Thermodynamic parameters related to the micellization process were also analyzed through NMR studies. Conclusion: The CMC values are influenced by the presence of food additive. The magnitude of CMC values increase with increase in concentration of food additive. In all the cases, enthalpy of micellization, ∆Hom values are found to be negative whereas entropy of micellization, ∆S om values are positive which indicate that hydrophobic interactions play a major role in the micellization process. Also, NMR studies reveal that tartrate and citrate are more hydrated than glutamic acid and propionate, resulting in more downfield shift.

scholarly journals Structure and Rheology of Polyelectrolyte Complexes in the Presence of a Hydrogen-Bonded Co-Solvent

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mor Boas ◽  
Gleb Vasilyev ◽  
Rita Vilensky ◽  
Yachin Cohen ◽  
Eyal Zussman
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Complexes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Macromolecular Conformation ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Transmission Electron

Intermolecular interactions as well as macromolecular conformation affect the rheological and microstructural properties of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) solutions. The properties of semi-dilute solutions of weakly charged PECs can be controlled by the degree of ionization and solvent composition. In this work, we examined the effect of ethanol as a co-solvent on PECs composed of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) at low pH. The aqueous PECs solution was turbid, indicating formation of large aggregates, whereas PECs solution in water/ethanol (60:40 w/w) was transparent, implying no aggregation, and demonstrated higher relative viscosity than the aqueous solution, implying pronounced network formation. Imaging PECs solution by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated aggregation, whereas the solution prepared with the mixed solvent revealed almost no phase contrast. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of PECs in the aqueous solution indicated the presence of aggregates, while PECs in mixed solvent demonstrated a swelled macromolecular conformation with diminished aggregation. PECs with no ionic interactions in the mixed solvent assumes a homogenous network structure, which enables PECs solution processing by electrospinning.

scholarly journals Modified method of conductometric data analysis to calculate the degree of ionization and conductivity of micelles

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
O. S. Zueva
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Micellar Solution ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Total Conductivity ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Degree Of Ionization ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Onsager Theory ◽  
New Formula

Methods for calculation of specific conductance of ions and micelles and the degree of micelle ionization using conductometric data in various approximations of the Debye – Hückel – Onsager theory were considered. The analysis of the existing calculation methods was carried out to identify their drawbacks and to suggest ways of their elimination. The calculation method of the micellar parameters on the basis of conductometric data using micellar size was modified, and a new formula for determining the degree of micelle ionization was obtained. All calculations using the modified method were performed in the first and the second approximations, and the newly obtained values of the micellar parameters are in greater agreement with the results of other studies. Based on the calculations performed, it was shown that the contribution of micelles to the total conductivity of micellar solution cannot be neglected, since at high concentrations the contribution of micelles exceeds the contribution of counterions and can exceed 50%.

THE CONDUCTANCES OF STRONG SOLUTIONS OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES AT 95°

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
E. M. Kartzmark
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Strong Solutions ◽  
Partial Molar Volumes ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
Equivalent Conductance ◽  
Strong Electrolytes ◽  
Made In ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

Measurements of conductance and fluidity of silver nitrate and of ammonium nitrate solutions, over a range of concentration varying from 0.05  N to 14  N (silver nitrate) and from 0.08  N to 15  N (ammonium nitrate) have been made. In both cases, a maximum is observed in the specific conductances but in neither case does a minimum occur in the plot of equivalent conductance against concentration. While the equivalent conductance in very dilute solutions is proportional to [Formula: see text], in very concentrated solutions it appears to be directly proportional to C. Temperature coefficients of conductance and of fluidity are evaluated and their theoretical importance discussed. Partial molar volumes of water in these solutions are evaluated.

POLYCONDENSED ANIONS OF THE TRANSITION METALS: LIGHT SCATTERING AND ULTRACENTRIFUGATION WITH SCHLIEREN AND INTERFERENCE OPTICS OF ALKALINE NIOBIUM (V) SOLUTIONS

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred H. Nelson ◽  
R. Stuart Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
High Symmetry ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Solvent Water ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Equilibrium Ultracentrifugation

Alkaline aqueous niobium(V) solutions prepared by dissolving the salt K14Nb12O37•27H2O were studied by means of light scattering and by equilibrium ultracentrifugation by using both schlieren and interference optics. All three experimental methods indicate that the degree of polymerization of the polycondensed niobate anion is no less than 5 and probably has the value 6. The centrifugation data indicate that only one polycondensed species exists in the solutions. The effective charge of the niobate anion appears to be reduced appreciably by the binding of potassium ions to a value of no greater than −2. The behavior of the solutions is very similar to that observed previously with alkaline tantalum(V) solutions, and it appears very likely that the hexameric anion [HNb6O19]−7 found in niobate crystals also exists in aqueous solutions. The niobate is slightly protonated in comparison to the analogous tantalate. The stability of highly concentrated solutions containing this large polycondensed species is probably the result of the existence of a poly-ion with high symmetry which interacts only weakly with the solvent, water.

Liquidus temperatures of some systems salt-dimethyl sulphoxide and solvate formation. Preferential solvation by dimethyl sulphoxide

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1457-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Pacák ◽  
Ivo Sláma
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Preferential Solvation ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphoxide ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Solvent Water ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic ◽  
Liquidus Temperatures

Liquidus temperatures were measured for concentrated solutions of LiCl, CaCl2, ZnCl2, Zn(NO3)2, NaNO3 and Mg(NO3)2 in dimethyl sulphoxide. Crystalline solvates of salts with dimethyl sulphoxide which separated from these solutions were isolated and subjected to chemical and infrared spectroscopic analyses. It has been proved that in concentrated solutions in the mixed solvent water-dimethyl sulphoxide, the salts are preferentially solvated by dimethyl sulphoxide.

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