A DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE FREE ENERGY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1150-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Van Zeggeren ◽  
G. C. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Alcoholic Solution ◽  
Absolute Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
A Value

The surface free energy for the interface between crystalline sodium chloride and a saturated alcoholic solution was determined from the solubility of sodium chloride in absolute ethyl alcohol as a function of the particle size of the salt. At 298°K. a value of 171 ergs/cm.2 was found. A general discussion of the validity of the Ostwald equation, which relates solubility and particle size, is presented.

scholarly journals On factors affecting surface free energy of carbon black for reinforcing rubber

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangyong Zhang ◽  
Ruipeng Zhong ◽  
Ruoyu Hong ◽  
David Hui
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Surface Activity ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Chromatographic Column ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carrier Gas Flow

AbstractThe surface activity of carbon black (CB) is an important factor affecting the reinforcement of rubber. The quantitative determination of the surface activity (surface free energy) of CB is of great significance. A simplified formula is obtained to determine the free energy of CB surface through theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation. The surface free energy for four kinds of industrial CBs were measured by inverse gas chromatography, and the influential factors were studied. The results showed that the aging time of the chromatographic column plays an important role in accurate measurement of the surface free energy of CB, in comparison with the influences from the inlet pressure and carrier gas flow rate of the chromatographic column filled with CB. Several kinds of industrial CB were treated at high temperature, and the surface free energy of CB had a significant increase. With the increase of surface free energy, the maximum torque was decreased significantly, the elongation at break tended to increase, the heat generation of vulcanizates was increased, and the wear resistance was decreased.

ADSORPTION OF BENZENE AND ETHANOL UP TO HIGH RELATIVE PRESSURES ON FINELY DIVIDED SODIUM CHLORIDE: PART I. PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS AND THE ADSORPTION OF BENZENE: PART II. THE LOWERING OF SURFACE FREE ENERGY BY ETHANOL

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1360-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Weiler ◽  
J. Beeckmans ◽  
R. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Convex Surface ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Saturated Vapor ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Interfacial Free Energy ◽  
Relative Pressure ◽  
Adsorption Data

Adsorption of benzene has been studied using four samples of fine sodium chloride. The range of relative pressures employed extended to 0.99. The data were employed to show that a correction to the relative pressure should be applied because of the curvature of the surface. The correction was made in the form of a reduction of the apparent relative pressure by application of the Kelvin equation, since the relative pressure over a convex surface would be less than over a plane surface. The adsorption data at high relative pressures for several samples of salt could then be represented by a common curve. It was further concluded that the thick-layer theory of adsorption due to Frenkel, Halsey, and Hill was applicable to adsorption on salt. Adsorption data for ethanol were then obtained and the reduction of surface free energy of the salt by the saturated vapor was evaluated. This figure was then combined with van Zeggeren's and Benson's value of the solid–liquid interfacial free energy for salt and ethanol to provide a provisional value of the surface free energy of sodium chloride of 227 ergs cm−2.

THE PREPARATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE OF LARGE SPECIFIC SURFACE

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Craig ◽  
R. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Interfacial Free Energy ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
A Value ◽  
The One ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Fundamental Units

A procedure is outlined by which sodium chloride particles of specific surface up to 50 m2 per gm. may be prepared. The particles form in chains and are found to lose area rapidly in moist air. The fundamental units of the chain do not appear cubic. Single cubic particles or chains of cubic particles also have been prepared. The one sample identified as this type had a specific surface of 18 m2 per gm. The sintering in moist air appears to occur by a process of solution and recrystallization. A value of the interfacial free energy solid–liquid is calculated from the data.

Determination of Components of Cassiterite Surface Free Energy from Contact Angle Measurements

1993 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jańczuk ◽  
J.M. Bruque ◽  
M.L. González-Martı́n ◽  
J.Moreno del Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Contact Angle Measurements

Universal Validity of Einstein Relation and Size-Dependent Viscosity and Surface-Active Characteristics of Nanofluids

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (06) ◽  
pp. 1850006
Author(s):  
Arya Sukumaran ◽  
Kishan Das ◽  
Kamla Rawat ◽  
H. B. Bohidar
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Surface Free Energy ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Polystyrene Latex ◽  
Einstein Relation ◽  
Universal Relation ◽  
General Validity

In this report, the general validity of the Einstein viscosity relation, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], ratio of solution to solvent viscosity), is examined in nanofluids where monodisperse spherical nanoparticles (polystyrene latex spheres) of size 50–400[Formula: see text]nm were dispersed in water at room temperature, 25[Formula: see text]C. In addition to viscosity, we also measured contact angle, [Formula: see text], and surface free-energy, [Formula: see text], as function of particle concentration and observed that the universal relation [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], remained valid, where [Formula: see text] may be relative viscosity, contact angle or surface free-energy and [Formula: see text] is a shape-dependent constant and is 2.5 in the Einstein limit. Thus, the Einstein relation has a wider validity than is generally thought encompassing both bulk and surface properties of nanofluids. Furthermore, we extend the study to establish an empirical relation between intrinsic viscosity [[Formula: see text]] and Huggins interaction parameter [Formula: see text], with particle size [Formula: see text], which obeyed: [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is in nm, [[Formula: see text]] is in cc/g, [Formula: see text] is in (g/cc)2 and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are constants of particle size. Identical expressions could be established for contact angle and surface free energy. These remarkable observations have not been reported hitherto.

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