THE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH ACTIVATED CARBON RODS: II. THE PORE STRUCTURE OF ACTIVATED CARBON

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Flood ◽  
R. H. Tomlinson ◽  
A. E. Leger
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Carbon Rods ◽  
Ordinary Type ◽  
Flow Through

The flow rates of adsorbable gases through zinc chloride activated carbon rods are considerably greater than might be expected from classical considerations. From data independent of flow measurements, the pore-size frequency distributions of the activated carbon are deduced and a model macropore system presented. It is shown that flow rates of nonadsorbable gases are consistent with a mean macropore diameter of about 3 × 10−5 cm., as well as being consistent with what can be inferred concerning such structures. The macropore system is regarded as an interstitial structure and is described as a random assembly of "bottle necks" joining relatively large void spaces. The assembly is described by means of two constant parameters and one stochastic variable. The mean micro-pore diameter of zinc chloride activated carbons is generally regarded as being of the order of 2 × 10−7 cm. or less. It is shown that no ordinary type of effusive or diffusive flow through pores of the order of 2 × 10−7 cm. can be appreciable compared with the flow through the macropore system, unless surface forces increase flow rates by large factors. In the case of strongly adsorbed gases the anomalous flow rates are ascribed to a flow through the micropore system and hence it is inferred that surface forces introduce large factors tending to increase flow rates in these very small pores.

THE FLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH ACTIVATED CARBON RODS.

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Flood ◽  
R. H. Tomlinson ◽  
A. E. Leger
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Relative Pressure ◽  
End Effects ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Literal Sense ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Porous Bodies ◽  
Carbon Rods ◽  
Flow Through

The flow rates of the vapors of benzene, ethyl chloride, diethyl ether, methanol, and water through activated carbon rods have been found to exceed, considerably, flow rates calculated by classical equations. The excess flow rates show maxima in widely different relative pressure regions and are ascribed to flow of adsorbed material. An empirical equation is presented which correlates the observed flow rates with relevant adsorption isotherms. Classical equations of flow through elliptical and rectangular pipes are discussed with reference to flow through fine-grained porous materials. It is shown that equations of the Adzumi type are roughly valid as applied to fine-grained porous bodies, but that without a knowledge of the frequency distributions of pore sizes and shapes, flow data cannot be related to pore dimensions in any literal sense. End effects are discussed.

scholarly journals Oxytetracycline Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions on Commercial and High-Temperature Modified Activated Carbons

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3481
Author(s):  
Joanna Lach ◽  
Agnieszka Ociepa-Kubicka ◽  
Maciej Mrowiec
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Carbon Modification ◽  
Modification Method ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Proposed Modification ◽  
Modified Activated Carbons

The aim of the work was to evaluate the possibility of using commercial and modified activated carbons for the removal of oxytetracycline from aqueous solutions. The kinetics and statics of adsorption as well as the effect of the activated carbon dose and solution pH on the efficiency of the oxytetracycline adsorption were analyzed. Based on the study of oxytetracycline adsorption isotherms, the activated carbons were ranked in the following order: F-300 > WG-12 > Picabiol > ROW08 > WACC 8 × 30 > F-100 > WAZ 0.6–2.4. The most effective activated carbons were characterized by large specific surfaces. The best matching results were obtained for: Redlich–Peterson, Thot and Jovanovic models, and lower for the most frequently used Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption proceeded better from solutions with pH = 6 than with pH = 3 and 10. Two ways of modifying activated carbon were also assessed. A proprietary method of activated carbon modification was proposed. It uses the heating of activated carbon as a result of current flow through its bed. Both carbons modified at 400 °C in the rotary kiln and on the proprietary SEOW (Joule-heat) modification stand enabled to obtain adsorbents with higher and comparable monolayer capacities. The advantage of the proposed modification method is low electricity consumption.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTES USING ZINC CHLORIDE

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riry Wirasnita ◽  
Tony Hadibarata ◽  
Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Zainab Mat Lazim
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

An oil palm empty fruit bunch-derived activated carbon has been successfully produced by chemical activation with zinc chloride and without chemical activation. The preparation was conducted in the tube furnace at 500oC for 1 h. The surface structure and active sites of activated carbons were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, bulk density, pH, and pH at zero charge was conducted to identify the psychochemical properties of the adsorbent. The results showed that the zinc chloride-activated carbon has better characteristics compared to the carbon without chemical activation.  

scholarly journals Coal-Based Activated Carbons for the Removal of Sulphur Dioxide via Adsorption

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 803-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Youssef ◽  
M.R. Mostafa ◽  
E.M. Dorgham
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Steam Activation ◽  
Pore Widening

Zinc chloride-activated carbons and steam-activated carbons were prepared from Maghara coal. The textural properties were determined from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. Zinc chloride activation is usually associated with the creation of new micropores while steam activation involves pore widening particularly when the percentage burn-off is high. The adsorption of SO2 on steam-activated carbon is high compared with ZnCl2-activated carbons. Steam activation develops surface basic groups which provide chemisorption sites for SO2. The adsorption of SO2 is enhanced in the presence of O2 and water vapour and involves the formation of sulphuric acid in this case. Sulphur dioxide adsorption is related to the chemistry of the carbon surface rather than to the extent of the surface area of the activated carbon.

Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of p-nitrophenol onto activated carbon derived from walnut peel

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2229-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Song Bai
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order ◽  
Maximum Removal

An original activated carbon prepared from walnut peel, which was activated by zinc chloride, was modified with ammonium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in order to contrast the adsorption property of the three different activated carbons. The experiment used a static adsorption test for p-nitrophenol. The effects of parameters such as initial concentration, contact time and pH value on amount adsorbed and removal are discussed in depth. The thermodynamic data of adsorption were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir models. The kinetic data of adsorption were measured by the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the pseudo-second-order kinetics models. The results indicated that the alkalized carbon samples derived from walnut peel had a better performance than the original activated carbon treated with zinc chloride. It was found that adsorption equilibrium time was 6 h. The maximum removal rate of activated carbon treated with zinc chloride for p-nitrophenol was 87.3% at pH 3,whereas the maximum removal rate of the two modified activated carbon materials was found to be 90.8% (alkalized with ammonium hydroxide) and 92.0% (alkalized with sodium hydroxide) at the same pH. The adsorption data of the zinc chloride activated carbon were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The two alkalized activated carbon samples were fitted well to the Freundlich model. The pseudo-second-order dynamics equation provided better explanation of the adsorption dynamics data of the three activated carbons than the pseudo-first-order dynamics equation.

scholarly journals Activated Carbons Tailored to Remove Different Pollutants from Gas Streams and from Solution

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. El-Nabarawy ◽  
M.R. Mostafa ◽  
A.M. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Gas Streams ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Flow Techniques

Non-activated carbon ‘A’, physically-activated carbons P1–P4, zinc chloride-activated carbons Z1–Z4 and potassium sulphide-activated carbons K1–K4 were prepared from Maghara coal (Sinai, Egypt). The surface areas of these carbons were determined by investigating the adsorption of carbon dioxide at 298 K and of nitrogen at 77 K. The decolourization powers of the carbons were determined from methylene blue adsorption at 308 K. The adsorption of methanol, benzene, n-hexane, n-octane and α-pinene at 308 K was also determined using equilibrium and flow techniques. The removal of ammonia and phenol from water was investigated on some selected samples. The activated carbons showed high capacities towards the removal of organic pollutants from water and from gas streams via adsorption. Their capacity towards a particular pollutant depends on the method of activation and is related to the textural and/or the chemistry of the carbon surface.

scholarly journals Effect ofCO2Flow Rate on the Pinang Frond-Based Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Herawan ◽  
M. A. Ahmad ◽  
A. Putra ◽  
A. A. Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Dye Wastewater ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
High Level

Activated carbons are regularly used the treatment of dye wastewater. They can be produced from various organics materials having high level of carbon content. In this study, a novel Pinang frond activated carbon (PFAC) was produced at various CO2flow rates in the range of 150–600 mL/min at activation temperature of 800°C for 3 hours. The optimum PFAC sample is found on CO2flow rate of 300 mL/min which gives the highest BET surface area and pore volume of 958 m2/g and 0.5469 mL/g, respectively. This sample shows well-developed pore structure with high fixed carbon content of 79.74%. The removal of methylene blue (MB) by 95.8% for initial MB concentration of 50 mg/L and 72.6% for 500 mg/L is achieved via this sample. The PFAC is thus identified to be a suitable adsorbent for removing MB from aqueous solution.

scholarly journals Adsorption of Fluoride Ion onto Zirconyl-Impregnated Activated Carbon Prepared from Lapsi Seed Stone

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahira Joshi ◽  
Mandira Adhikari ◽  
Raja Ram Pradhananga
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Fluoride Adsorption

The potentials of activated carbon derived from Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaries) seed stone after impregnation with zirconium for adsorptive removal of fluoride is presented. Activated carbons from Lapsi seed stone were prepared by three different techniques. Firstly by directly burning in limited supply of air, secondly by treating with a mixture of conc. H2SO4 and HNO3 (in the ratio of 1:1 by weight) and thirdly by activation with zinc chloride (in the ratio of 1:1 by weight) followed by carbonization at 400°C and 500°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Thus prepared carbons were impregnated with zirconyl oxychloride and effects of pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time and adsorbate concentration for the removal of fluoride were evaluated by batch mode. The optimum pH for adsorption of fluoride was observed at pH 3-4, and a minimum contact time for the maximum defluoridation was found to be 180 min. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe adsorption equilibrium. Zirconium impregnation increased the fluoride adsorption capacity of carbon to considerable extent. Among carbon prepared by three different techniques, the carbon prepared from zinc chloride activation followed by carbonization showed relatively higher fluoride adsorption capacity. From the experiment it is concluded that activated carbon prepared from Lapsi seed is an efficient, low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon for defluoridation of water.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v30i0.9330Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 30, 2012 Page:  13-23 Uploaded date: 12/16/2013    

Adsorption of Turquoise Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution using Microwave Assisted Zinc Chloride Activated Carbon Prepared from Delonix Regia Pods

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ramesh ◽  
A. Rajappa ◽  
V. Nandhakumar
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Adsorption Interaction

AbstractAdsorption interaction of Turquoise blue dye onto microwave assisted zinc chloride activated carbon from aqueous solution was investigated. Activated carbons were prepared from pods of

THE MICROPORE FLOW OF H2O AND D2O THROUGH ACTIVATED CARBON RODS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1288-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Huber ◽  
E. A. Flood ◽  
R. D. Heyding
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Adsorbed Water ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Surface Forces ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Carbon Rods

The flow rates of water adsorbed on activated charcoal have been measured at temperatures between −24 °C. and +35 °C. and compared with the flow rate of adsorbed D2O at 25 °C. In earlier papers a formula was presented which describes the micropore flow rate of adsorbed water as a laminar flow of liquid adsorbate under a high pressure gradient due to surface forces. Our results confirm this picture. From our flow data the relative viscosity of adsorbates can be calculated. Above 0 °C. the viscosity of the adsorbate shows nearly the same temperature dependence as liquid water; below 0 °C. the viscosity increases much more rapidly, but there is no sudden increase which could be ascribed to freezing of an appreciable fraction of the adsorbate at any particular temperature. The greater temperature coefficient of the adsorbate viscosity is consistent with a viscous flow of liquid films over a solid surface which exerts attractive forces on the liquid.

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