SOME FREEZING POINT AND CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE SYSTEM NITRIC ACID – ACETIC ACID

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Taylor ◽  
Alan G. Follows
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Molecular Compound ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Vapor Equilibrium ◽  
Binary Azeotrope ◽  
Solid Liquid

An independent investigation of the phase diagram for the solid–liquid system nitric, acid – acetic acid has confirmed the findings of Miskidzh'yan and Trifonov (4), namely, that a 1: 1 molecular compound exists. Conductance measurements at 0°, 25°, and 40°C. have been made for the same system. It does not appear possible to predict compound formation from the conductance measurements alone. A preliminary investigation of the liquid–vapor equilibrium for the system nitric acid – acetic acid indicates the existence of a maximum boiling azeotrope. Diacetylorthonitric acid—(CH3COO)2N(OH)3—discovered by Pictet and Genequaud (8) is, in all probability, identical with this binary azeotrope. Some molecular weight measurements tend to confirm this view.

NOTE ON SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA IN SOME TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS INVOLVING HYDROGEN CYANIDE

1933 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Peiker ◽  
C. C. Coffin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Eutectic Type ◽  
Molecular Compound ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Component Systems ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Hydride Hydrogen ◽  
Two Component Systems ◽  
Solid Liquid

The freezing-point curves of the two-component systems hydrogen cyanide-water, hydrogen cyanide-formic acid, hydrogen cyanide-formamide and hydrogen cyanide-benzaldehyde have been determined. These systems are all of the simple eutectic type and show no evidence of molecular compound formation. A chemical reaction prohibited the investigation of solid-liquid equilibria in the case of halogen hydride-hydrogen cyanide systems.

COMPOUND FORMATION IN THE SYSTEM UROTROPINE – ACETIC ACID: I. THE PHASE DIAGRAM

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (5) ◽  
pp. 477-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Carroll ◽  
R. H. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Solid Compound ◽  
Approximate Composition ◽  
Curve Maximum

The freezing point diagram has been plotted for mixtures of acetic acid and urotropine containing 0 to 42% urotropine. Formation of a solid compound melting at 24.8 °C., and having the approximate composition (C6H12N4)3∙(C2H4O2)13 is indicated. Repeated purification of the materials failed to shift the curve maximum to the expected ratio of 1 mole of urotropine to 4 moles of acetic acid.

MOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE FORCES AND THE VELOCITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 526-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Coffin ◽  
O. Maass
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Molecular Compound ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Reaction Velocity ◽  
Molecular Attraction

The reactions between hydrogen chloride and α-, β-, and γ-butylene have been investigated in both the liquid and gaseous states. The effect of temperature and concentration of the reactants on the reaction velocities was studied and the reaction products were examined. In the liquid state the γ-isomer reacts rapidly, the α- much more slowly and the β- slowest of all. In the gaseous state at atmospheric pressure only γ-butylene shows a measurable reaction which is bimolecular and probably heterogeneous. The liquid reactions were found to be homogeneous. Where possible the freezing-point curves of the systems were determined in order to ascertain the extent of molecular compound formation. The results obtained bear out the conclusions arrived at from previous work on the effect of molecular attraction upon reaction velocity, and indicate the existence of a catalytic factor peculiar to the liquid state. Suggestions as to the mechanism of such a catalysis are offered.

Ectodesmata as Revealed By Freeze-Etch Preparations of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
N.C. Lyon ◽  
W. C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Thin Sections

Schumacher and Halbsguth first demonstrated ectodesmata as pores or channels in the epidermal cell walls in haustoria of Cuscuta odorata L. by light microscopy in tissues fixed in a sublimate fixative (30% ethyl alcohol, 30 ml:glacial acetic acid, 10 ml: 65% nitric acid, 1 ml: 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml: oxalic acid, 2 g: mecuric chloride to saturation 2-3 g). Other workers have published electron micrographs of structures transversing the outer epidermal cell in thin sections of plant leaves that have been interpreted as ectodesmata. Such structures are evident following treatment with Hg++ or Ag+ salts and are only rarely observed by electron microscopy. If ectodesmata exist without such treatment, and are not artefacts, they would afford natural pathways of entry for applied foliar solutions and plant viruses.

Synthesis and properties of 1,3-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1-butene

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 2120-2124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Čík ◽  
Anton Blažej ◽  
Kamil Antoš ◽  
Igor Hrušovský
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Fuming Nitric Acid

1,3-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1-butene was prepared by nitration of 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene (I) with fuming nitric acid in acetic acid. The double bond in I was protected by addition of bromine which was eliminated after the nitration. The UV, IR and 1H- spectra of the synthesized compounds are interpreted.

scholarly journals Nitration of Jharia basin coals, India: a study of structural modifications by XRD and FTIR techniques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabal Boral ◽  
Atul K. Varma ◽  
Sudip Maity
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Glacial Acetic Acid ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Acetic Acid Medium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Media

AbstractFour coal samples from Jharia basin, India are treated with nitric acid in glacial acetic acid and aqueous media to find out the chemical, petrographic and spatial structure of the organic mass by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. X-ray parameters of coal like interlayer spacing (d002), crystallite size (Lc), aroamticity (fa), average number of aromatic layers (Nc), and coal rank (I26/I20) have been determined using profile-fitting software. Considerable variation is observed in treated coals in comparison to the demineralized coals. The d002 values of treated coals have increased in both the media showing increase in disordering of organic moieties. A linear relationship has been observed between d002 values with the volatile matter of the coals. Similarly, the d002 values show linear relationship with Cdmf contents for demineralized as well as for the treated coals in both the media. The Lc and Nc values have decreased in treated coals corresponding to demineralized coals. The present study shows that nitration in both the media is capable of removing the aliphatic side chains from the coals and aromaticity (fa) increases with increase in rank and shows a linear relationship with the vitrinite reflectance. The corresponding I26/I20 values are least for treated coals in glacial acetic acid medium followed by raw and then to treated coals in aqueous medium. FTIR studies show that coal arenes of the raw coals are converted into nitro-arenes in structurally modified coals (SMCs) in both the media, the corresponding bands at 1550–1490 and 1355–1315 cm−1 respectively. FTIR study confirms that nitration is the predominant phenomenon, though, oxidation and nitration phenomena takes place simultaneously during treatment with nitric acid to form SMCs. In comparison to raw coals, the SMCs show higher aromaticity and may be easily converted to coal derived products like activated carbon and specialty carbon materials.

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