Level structure of 88Rb

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lycklama ◽  
T. J. Kennett
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Good Efficiency

The beta decay of 2.8 h 88Kr has been investigated using a high-resolution and good efficiency 40 cm3 coaxial Ge(Li) counter. A total of 40 gamma rays were detected and determined to belong to the beta decay of 88Kr. All but one of these were placed in a consistent decay scheme. As a result it was possible to give a plausible interpretation to the level structure of 88Rb.

THE DECAY OF Re186 AND Re188

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Johns ◽  
C. C. McMullen ◽  
I. R. Williams ◽  
S. V. Nablo
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
End Points ◽  
Coincidence Measurements ◽  
Good Agreement

The energies and intensities of 13 gamma rays in Re188 have been measured by studying their external conversion spectra with a high resolution beta-ray spectrometer. An analysis of the beta-ray spectrum reveals groups with end points 2116 kev. (79%) and 1961 kev. (20%), and several low energy groups whose total intensity is of the order of 1%. The observed data can be consistently accounted for in terms of a decay scheme involving the following levels of OS188: 0.0, 155.0, 633, 1086, 1306, 1461, 1765, 1941, and 1958 kev. This scheme is firmly supported by coincidence measurements. The spins of the first three levels listed are 0+, 2+, and 2+ and that of the 1461 kev. level is probably 0+.The decay of Re186 is accompanied by gamma rays of the following energies and quantum intensities: 122.9 kev. (0.6%), 137.2 kev. (10%), 630.8 kev. (0.024%), and 768.2 kev. (0.024%). These values are in good agreement with those quoted in the literature, except for the intensities of the last two radiations.

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure Investigations of some Medium-Weight Isotopes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gavin Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Calculated Cross Section ◽  
Beta Spectrum ◽  
Gamma Ray Detectors

<p>This thesis describes the methods and results of investigations made to determine the decay schemes of three short-lived isotopes 112Ag, 114Ag and 116Ag. A total of 76 gamma-rays was observed with a Ge(Li) detector in the gamma-radiation which follows the Beta-decay of 112Ag to levels of 112Cd. gamma- gamma coincidence and angular correlation measurements were made with Ge(Li)-NaI(T1) and NaI(T1)-NaI(T1) systems. A decay scheme consistent with the present data is proposed. Cross sections for the reactions 112Cd(n,p)112Ag and 115In(n, alpha)112Ag were measured, and the half-life of the 112Ag decay was found to be 3.14 plus-minus 0.01 hr. The decay scheme of 114Ag was studied with Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors and plastic Beta-ray detectors. 9 of the 11 gamma-rays observed in the decay were incorporated into 114Cd level structure previously determined by conversion electron measurements on the 113Cd(n,gamma)114Cd reaction. The endpoint energy of the Beta-decay was determined as 4.90 plus-minus 0.26 MeV; no branching was evident in the Beta-spectrum. A decay scheme is proposed for which the Beta-branching was deduced from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 114Cd(n,p)114Ag reaction. The 114Ag half-life was determined as 4.52 plus-minus 0.03 sec; a search for a previously reported isomeric state of 114Ag was unsuccessful. Ge(Li) and NaI(T1) gamma-ray detectors were used to study the direct and coincidence spectra that result from the decay of 116Ag, the half-life of which was found to be 2.50 plus-minus 0.02 min. 53 gamma-rays were observed from this decay. The Beta-branching to the 17 excited states of 116Cd in the proposed decay scheme was derived from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 116Cd(n,p)Ag reaction. Spin and parity assignments for ihe energy levels of 116Cd are made. An investigation of the applicability of two collective models to nuclear structure typical of the Cd nuclei studied demonstrated that one of the models was misleading when applied to vibrational nuclei. A potential function was developed in the other model to extend the investigation to include a study of the transition between extremes of collective motion. This was used to examine the correspondence between nuclear level schemes representative of rotational and vibrational excitations.</p>

Levels of 186W from the Decay of 186Ta

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Gujrathi ◽  
S. K. Mark
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Particle State ◽  
Quasi Particle ◽  
Coincidence Data

Gamma rays from the decay of 10.5 min 186Ta have been studied using high resolution Ge(Li) detectors. More than 90 gamma rays have been observed. Several photo-peaks previously reported as single lines were found to be close doublets. The results of this study have been correlated with the published γ–γ coincidence data and the recent (d,d′) reaction work and a decay scheme for 186Ta has been constructed. The scheme incorporates more than 85 transitions among 23 excited states in 186W. The level at 1661 keV has been discussed in terms of a two-proton quasi-particle state arising from the Nilsson orbitals Ωπ[NnzΛ] = 7/2+[404] and 1/2+[411]. Several transition probabilities have been extracted and compared with other recent experimental data and with the calculations of Kumar and Baranger as well as with the predictions of various phenomenological models.

Gamma rays produced in the 209Bi(n, n′γ) reaction

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 948-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Prestwich ◽  
T. J. Kennett ◽  
J. S. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
Weak Coupling ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Region ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Resolution Study

A high-resolution study of the γ-ray spectrum induced by the inelastic scattering of reactor produced neutrons has been conducted. The γ rays observed have been assigned in a decay scheme involving 134 levels extending in excitation energy to 6 MeV. The results are discussed within the context of previously identified weak coupling configurations, and possible discrepancies are indicated. Levels in the high-energy region are also compared with recently reported photoexcitation studies.

Decay of 142La

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Tong ◽  
W. V. Prestwich ◽  
K. Fritze
Keyword(s):  
Excited States ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
Coincidence Measurement

The energies of the gamma rays following the beta decay of 92.5 min 142La have been precisely measured, and a coincidence measurement with a NaI(Tl) and Ge(Li) system was made by gating the NaI(Tl) at 641 keV. With these results, the decay scheme of 142Ce derived by Prestwich and Kennett was modified. The beta branching ratios of the decay of 142La to the ground and excited states of 142Ce have also been obtained by simultaneous gamma and 4π beta countings with a 3 in. × 3 in. NaI(Tl) detector and a 4π-proportional counter.

Low Angular Momentum States Populated in the Decay of 178Lu

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Gujrathi ◽  
J. M. D'Auria
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
Coincidence System ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Gamma Transitions

The low angular momentum states in 178Hf populated in the beta decay of the low spin state (T1/2 = 30 min) of 178Lu are investigated with both high resolution and high efficiency Ge(Li) detectors as well as a NaI(Tl)–Ge(Li) (γ,γ) coincidence system. The sources of 178Lu were produced through the 178Hf(n,p) and 181Ta(n,α) reactions on natural targets of hafnium and tantalum, respectively, using 14.8 MeV neutrons. Sixteen gamma transitions in the energy range 1090.8 to 1730.0 keV have been found to decay with the 30 min period of 178Lu. A decay scheme of 178Lu has been proposed with the excited levels in 178Hf at 93.17(2+), 306.59(4+), 1309.7(0+, 1±), 1362.7(0+, 1±, 2+), 1434.2(0+), 1442.9(0+), 1496.7(2+), 1514.2(2+), 1562.0(2+), 1772.1(0+, 1±, 2+), and 1823.2(0+, 1±, 2+) keV. The weak β-branching ratios and their log ft values are deduced from the observed γ-ray intensities and results thus obtained are discussed.

scholarly journals Nuclear Structure Investigations of some Medium-Weight Isotopes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gavin Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Calculated Cross Section ◽  
Beta Spectrum ◽  
Gamma Ray Detectors

<p>This thesis describes the methods and results of investigations made to determine the decay schemes of three short-lived isotopes 112Ag, 114Ag and 116Ag. A total of 76 gamma-rays was observed with a Ge(Li) detector in the gamma-radiation which follows the Beta-decay of 112Ag to levels of 112Cd. gamma- gamma coincidence and angular correlation measurements were made with Ge(Li)-NaI(T1) and NaI(T1)-NaI(T1) systems. A decay scheme consistent with the present data is proposed. Cross sections for the reactions 112Cd(n,p)112Ag and 115In(n, alpha)112Ag were measured, and the half-life of the 112Ag decay was found to be 3.14 plus-minus 0.01 hr. The decay scheme of 114Ag was studied with Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors and plastic Beta-ray detectors. 9 of the 11 gamma-rays observed in the decay were incorporated into 114Cd level structure previously determined by conversion electron measurements on the 113Cd(n,gamma)114Cd reaction. The endpoint energy of the Beta-decay was determined as 4.90 plus-minus 0.26 MeV; no branching was evident in the Beta-spectrum. A decay scheme is proposed for which the Beta-branching was deduced from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 114Cd(n,p)114Ag reaction. The 114Ag half-life was determined as 4.52 plus-minus 0.03 sec; a search for a previously reported isomeric state of 114Ag was unsuccessful. Ge(Li) and NaI(T1) gamma-ray detectors were used to study the direct and coincidence spectra that result from the decay of 116Ag, the half-life of which was found to be 2.50 plus-minus 0.02 min. 53 gamma-rays were observed from this decay. The Beta-branching to the 17 excited states of 116Cd in the proposed decay scheme was derived from the measured gamma-ray yield and a calculated cross section value for the 116Cd(n,p)Ag reaction. Spin and parity assignments for ihe energy levels of 116Cd are made. An investigation of the applicability of two collective models to nuclear structure typical of the Cd nuclei studied demonstrated that one of the models was misleading when applied to vibrational nuclei. A potential function was developed in the other model to extend the investigation to include a study of the transition between extremes of collective motion. This was used to examine the correspondence between nuclear level schemes representative of rotational and vibrational excitations.</p>

The Decay of 124Sb

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Johnson ◽  
K. C. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Beta Decay ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Decay Scheme ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
Conversion Electrons ◽  
First Time

The gamma rays, beta rays, and conversion electrons emitted in the beta decay of 124Sb → 124Te have been observed using Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors both singly and in coincidence. The measured energies and intensities of the different transitions involved in this decay together with the coincidence results have allowed us to construct the decay scheme. The spin of most of the states and the parity of all of the states of 124Te populated in this decay have been deduced, some of them for the first time, and others as confirmations of previous assignments. We have also been able to assign collective parameters to many of these states, in terms of the vibrational model of nuclei, from the reduced branching ratios calculated from the gamma-ray intensities.

Nuclear Electrons and Nuclear Structure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Stuewer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Coincidence Method ◽  
Wolfgang Pauli ◽  
Beta Particles

Serious contradictions to the existence of electrons in nuclei impinged in one way or another on the theory of beta decay and became acute when Charles Ellis and William Wooster proved, in an experimental tour de force in 1927, that beta particles are emitted from a radioactive nucleus with a continuous distribution of energies. Bohr concluded that energy is not conserved in the nucleus, an idea that Wolfgang Pauli vigorously opposed. Another puzzle arose in alpha-particle experiments. Walther Bothe and his co-workers used his coincidence method in 1928–30 and concluded that energetic gamma rays are produced when polonium alpha particles bombard beryllium and other light nuclei. That stimulated Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie to carry out related experiments. These experimental results were thoroughly discussed at a conference that Enrico Fermi organized in Rome in October 1931, whose proceedings included the first publication of Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.

THE DECAY OF Pm149

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1577-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agda Artna ◽  
Margaret E. Law
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Beta Spectrum ◽  
Multichannel Analyzer ◽  
Coincidence Spectrometer ◽  
Beta Spectrometer ◽  
Beta Group

The 52.8-hour activity of Pm149 has been investigated using a high resolution beta spectrometer, a lens type coincidence spectrometer, and a scintillation spectrometer in conjunction with a multichannel analyzer. The beta spectrum was found to consist of two groups with maximum energies of 1.072 ± 0.002 Mev and 0.786 ± 0.004 Mev, and intensities of 97.1 ± 0.4% and 2.9 ± 0.4% respectively. A gamma ray of energy 285.7 ± 0.3 kev was found to be in coincidence with the 0.786-Mev beta group. No other gamma rays with intensities greater than 0.1% were found. The K conversion coefficient for the 286-kev transition was measured to be 0.075 ± 0.008. This together with the values of 6.5 ± 0.7 and 4 ± 1 obtained for the K/L and L/M conversion ratios respectively indicate that this transition is M1 in character with less than 10% E2 admixture.

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