A CONJECTURE REGARDING QUANTIZED GRAVITATIONAL THEORY AND THE SIZE OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 2383-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Particle ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Gravitational Theory ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Particle Structure ◽  
The Real ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

For the quantum theory of general relativity in the real physical universe with radius of about 1028 cm, the order-of-magnitude analysis in this work leads to a fundamental and characteristic metrical disturbance, with a size of about 10−12 cm. It is possible that such a characteristic metrical disturbance (and the considerable amount of associated gravitational energy) may play an important role in elementary particle structure.

The Development of Relativity and Einstein

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2874-2885 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Lo
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Einstein Equation ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Positive Mass Theorem ◽  
Charge Mass ◽  
Final Theory ◽  
Singularity Theorems

There are errors in general relativity that must be rectified. As Zhou pointed out, Einstein’s covariance principle is proven to be invalid by explicit examples. Linearization is conditionally valid. Pauli's version of the equivalence principle is impossible in mathematics. Einstein's adaptation of the distance in Riemannian geometry is invalid in physics as pointed out by Whitehead. Moreover, it is inconsistent with the calculation on the bending of light, for which a Euclidean-like framework is necessary. Thus, the interpretation of the Hubble redshifts as due to receding velocities of stars is invalid. The Einstein equation has no dynamic solutions just as Gullstrand suspected. All claims on the existence of dynamic solutions for the Einstein equation are due to mistakes in non-linear mathematics. For the existence of a dynamic solution, the Einstein equation must be modified to the Lorentz-Levy-Einstein equation that have additionally a gravitational energy-stress tensor with an anti-gravity coupling. The existence of photons is a consequence of general relativity. Thus, the space-time singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose are actually irrelevant to physics because their energy conditions cannot be satisfied. The positive mass theorem of Schoen and Yau is misleading because invalid implicit assumptions are used as Hawking and Penrose did. There are three experiments that show formula E = mc2 is invalid, and a piece of heated-up metal has reduced weight just as a charged capacitor. Thus, the weight is temperature dependent. It is found, due to the repulsive charge-mass interaction, gravity is not always attractive to mass. Since the assumption that gravity is always attractive to mass is not valid, the existence of black holes are questionable.  Because of the repulsive charge-mass interaction, the theoretical framework of general relativity must be extended to a five-dimensional relativity of Lo, Goldstein & Napier. Thus Einstein's conjecture of unification is valid. Moreover, the repulsive gravitational force from a charged capacitor is incompatible with the notion of a four-dimensional space. In Quantum theory, currently the charge-mass interaction is neglected. Thus, quantum theory is not a final theory as Einstein claims.

scholarly journals On Noncommutative Corrections of Gravitational Energy in Teleparallel Gravity

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Ulhoa ◽  
R. G. G. Amorim
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Teleparallel Gravity ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Schwarzschild Solution ◽  
Metric Tensor ◽  
Noncommutative Spacetime

We use the theory of teleparallelism equivalent to general relativity based on noncommutative spacetime coordinates. In this context, we write the corrections of the Schwarzschild solution. We propose the existence of a Weitzenböck spacetime that matches the corrected metric tensor. As an important result, we find the corrections of the gravitational energy in the realm of teleparallel gravity due to the noncommutativity of spacetime. Then we interpret such corrections as a manifestation of quantum theory in gravitational field.

Incompleteness of General Relativity, Einstein's Errors, and Related Experiments-- American Physical Society March meeting, Z23 5, 2015 --

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2135-2147 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Lo
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Einstein Equation ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Radiation Reaction ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Positive Mass Theorem ◽  
Wave Source ◽  
Photonic Energy

General relativity is incomplete since it does not include the gravitational radiation reaction force and the interaction of gravitation with charged particles. General relativity is confusing because Einstein's covariance principle is invalid in physics. Moreover, there is no bounded dynamic solution for the Einstein equation. Thus, Gullstrand is right and the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physics press release is incorrect. Moreover, awards to Christodoulou reflect the blind faith toward Einstein and accumulated errors in mathematics. Note that the Einstein equation with an electromagnetic wave source has no valid solution unless a photonic energy-stress tensor with an anti-gravitational coupling is added. Thus, the photonic energy includes gravitational energy. The existence of anti-gravity coupling implies that the energy conditions in space-time singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose cannot be satisfied, and thus are irrelevant. Also, the positive mass theorem of Yau and Schoen is misleading, though considered as an achievement by the Fields Medal. E = mc2 is invalid for the electromagnetic energy alone. The discovery of the charge-mass interaction establishes the need for unification of electromagnetism and gravitation and would explain many puzzles. Experimental investigations for further results are important.

The Weight Reduction of Charged Capacitors, Charge-Mass Interaction, and Einstein's Unification

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1959-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Lo
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Repulsive Force ◽  
Mass Force ◽  
Charge Mass ◽  
Energy Stress ◽  
Current Mass ◽  
Photonic Energy

The Biefeld-Brown (B-B) effect consists of two parts: 1) the initial thrust is due to the electric potential that moves the electrons to the positive post; and 2) the subsequent lift is due to the separate concentration of the positive and the negative charges. The weight reduction of a charged capacitor is due to a repulsive charge-mass interaction, which is normally cancelled by the attractive current-mass interaction. In a charged capacitor, some electrons initially moving in the orbits become statically concentrated and thus a net repulsive force is exhibited. Based on observations, it is concluded that a repulsive charge-mass interaction is proportional to the charge density square and diminishes faster than the attractive gravitational force, and that the current-mass force is perpendicular to the current. This charge-mass interaction is crucial to establish the unification of electromagnetism and gravitation. To confirm general relativity further, experimental verification of the details of this mass-charge repulsive force is recommended. Moreover, general relativity implies that the photons must include gravitational energy and this explains that experiments show that the photonic energy is equivalent to mass although the electromagnetic energy-stress tensor is traceless. In general relativity,it is crucial to understandnon-linear mathematics and that the Einstein equation has no bounded dynamic solutions. However, due to following Einstein's errors, theorists failed in understanding these and ignored experimental facts on repulsive gravitation. Since the charge-mass interaction occurs in many areas of physics, Einstein's unification is potentially another revolution in physics. Moreover, the existence of a repulsive gravitation implies the necessity of re-justifying anew the speculation of black holes.

Topology knots and hierarchy problem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Kuyukov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
String Theory ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Hierarchy Problem ◽  
Topological Quantum ◽  
Dimensional Space Time ◽  
New Formula

Many approaches to quantum gravity consider the revision of the space-time geometry and the structure of elementary particles. One of the main candidates is string theory. It is possible that this theory will be able to describe the problem of hierarchy, provided that there is an appropriate Calabi-Yau geometry. In this paper we will proceed from the traditional view on the structure of elementary particles in the usual four-dimensional space-time. The only condition is that quarks and leptons should have a common emerging structure. When a new formula for the mass of the hierarchy is obtained, this structure arises from topological quantum theory and a suitable choice of dimensional units.

General Relativity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Carlip
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Hamiltonian Formulation ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Gravitational Energy ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Physics First ◽  
Condensed Matter Theory ◽  
Introductory Textbooks

This work is a short textbook on general relativity and gravitation, aimed at readers with a broad range of interests in physics, from cosmology to gravitational radiation to high energy physics to condensed matter theory. It is an introductory text, but it has also been written as a jumping-off point for readers who plan to study more specialized topics. As a textbook, it is designed to be usable in a one-quarter course (about 25 hours of instruction), and should be suitable for both graduate students and advanced undergraduates. The pedagogical approach is “physics first”: readers move very quickly to the calculation of observational predictions, and only return to the mathematical foundations after the physics is established. The book is mathematically correct—even nonspecialists need to know some differential geometry to be able to read papers—but informal. In addition to the “standard” topics covered by most introductory textbooks, it contains short introductions to more advanced topics: for instance, why field equations are second order, how to treat gravitational energy, what is required for a Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity. A concluding chapter discusses directions for further study, from mathematical relativity to experimental tests to quantum gravity.

THE GRAVITATIONAL ORIGIN OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SPACE AND TIME

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2155-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHER YAHALOM
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Linear Stability ◽  
Linear Stability Analysis ◽  
Flat Space ◽  
Gravitational Theory ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Standard Presentation

To the ordinary human it is obvious that there is a clear distinction between the spatial dimensions, in which one can go either way, and the temporal dimension, in which one seems only to move forward. But the uniqueness of time is also rooted in the standard presentation of general relativity, in which the metric of space–time is locally Lorentzian, i.e. ημν = diag (1, -1, -1, -1). This is presented as an independent axiom of the theory, which cannot be deduced. In this essay I will claim otherwise. I will show that the existence of time should not be enforced on the gravitational theory of general relativity but rather should be deduced from it. The method of choice is linear stability analysis of flat space–times.

Between general relativity and quantum theory

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1085-1093
Author(s):  
Jerzy Rayski
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Theory
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